摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article examines a number of factors which facilitate the adoption and success of policies and projects to promote grassroots sustainable development – that is, the sustainable, multiple use of forests at the community level, including aspects of local self‐reliance and control of economic resources. I will argue that the extractive reserve legislation in Brazil and community forestry projects in Mexico and Peru depended on the formation of pro‐grassroots development coalitions. The exact make‐up of those coalitions depended on three factors: (1) the initial disposition of key governmental and dominant class actors to such policies; (2) the intensity of local conflicts and the extent of community organization; and (3) the involvement of international actors. The cases suggest that in the absence of serious government or upper class opposition, the adoption and durability of such policies and projects can be promoted by the formation of a coalition of organized communities, domestic non‐governmental organizations (NGOs), some allied government agencies, and support from international actors. However, when key government agencies and socio‐economic élites are fundamentally opposed to sustainable development initiatives at the grassroots level, much higher levels of community organization, conflict, and domestic and international support appear to

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00533.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the interrelations between environment, employment and technology in the process of development. A new concept of sustainable development is introduced which makes a distinction between environmental problems associated with high income levels and technological progress and those related to underdevelopment and technological stagnation. The latter category accounts for a major proportion of environmental problems facing poor agrarian economies which are undergoing a process of forced environmental degradation. It is argued that in these types of economies there is a complementarity between economic development and employment generation and the preservation of the environment. It is further shown that in such economies, where the ultimate causes of environmental degradation may be far removed from the immediate environmental issues, conventional environmental policies may be counterproductive.

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00534.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article takes issue with the rational choice approach that views the economy as an autonomous realm where isolated individuals make maximizing choices in terms of their personal preferences. The argument made is that income generation, consumption and exchange form a holistic complex that must be studied in its unity and that the economy and individual economic behaviour are articulated with a social context. This is demonstrated by evidence (collected through fieldwork) on the differences in the use of remittances by three villages in Kerala, India, which have experienced large scale migration to the Middle Eastern countries.In the three cases, it was the way in which income earned from international migration was perceived, together with the variation in ethnic structures, that explained the similarities and differences in their consumption, exchange and investment patterns. In each case, it was the larger ethnic structure that conditioned (1) the types of activities into which the money was channelled; (2) the range of people who were the beneficiaries of migrant remittances; (3) the patterns of reciprocity or charity practised by the migrants; (4) the selection of the trade‐off point between community status and economic accumulation; and; (5) the groups of individuals who gained or lost economic contro

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00535.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSince the early 1980s, most African countries have experienced unsatisfactory rates of economic growth and profound changes in livelihood systems, which have affected the way their modern institutions function. However, when confronted with evidence of poor economic performance in countries undergoing adjustment, the international financial institutions often blame governments for their lack of political will in regulating the activities of bureaucrats and vested interests. They recommend policies aimed at restructuring public sector institutions through privatization, public expenditure cuts, retrenchment, new structures of incentives and decentralization. Despite efforts to implement these measures in a number of countries, the problems of low institutional capacity remain. Two key contradictions appear to explain why institutions have been largely ineffective in crisis economies in Africa: the growing contradiction between the interests of bureaucratic actors and the goals they are supposed to uphold; and the contradiction between the institutional set‐up itself and what goes on in the wider society. To understand how these contradictions work, it is necessary to look more closely at the set of values and relationships that anchor institutions on social systems. The issues here are social compromise and cohesion; institutional socialization and loyalties; overarching sets of values; and political authority to enforce rules and regulations. The crises in these four areas of social relations, which are linked to the ways households and groups have coped with recession and restructuring, have altered Africa's state institutions so that it has become difficult to carry out meaningful development programmes and public sector reforms without addressing the social relations themselve

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00536.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article looks at the empowerment approach in relation to issues of women and development. After explaining why this is currently the most fruitful perspective in the field of gender planning, it then goes on to explore two central problems of the empowerment approach. The first problem is the conceptualization of women's gender interests. The distinction between women's practical and strategic gender interests was introduced by Molyneux and popularized by Moser. It is argued here that this distinction is theoretically unfounded and empirically untenable. Secondly, gender planners tend towards a preference for simplified tools and quantifiable targets. Here it is argued that women's realities should not be bent into this planning framework but that instead planners, working from an empowerment perspective, should demonstrate flexibility and theoretical grounding, and be aware of the political dimensions of their work.

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00537.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article examines the ways in which the problem of child labour has been perceived and addressed, from the beginnings of social concern about these issues until the present, with illustrations from The Netherlands and Indonesia. National and international responses to the problem of child labour reflect a number of assumptions which are almost completely at odds with the views and the preferences of children themselves. Paradoxically, powerful lobbies in some of the world's wealthiest countries – which cannot enforce, and in some cases are beginning to relax, their own child labour laws – are trying to insist that the developing countries tighten and/or enforce their laws, under the threat of various forms of sanction or boycott. These increasingly active threats make it highly inadvisable for any exporting country to acknowledge the existence of children's employment at all, for example by protective legislation or other efforts to promote the improvement of children's working conditi

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00538.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Solon L. Barraclough, An End to Hunger? The Social Origins of Food Strategies.Fernando H. Cnrdoso et al., Eight Essays on the Crisis of Deuelopment in Latin America.Peter Utting, Economic Adjustment under the Sanrlinistas; Policy Reform, Food Security and Livelihood in Nicaragua. Geneva:Mats Lundahl, Politics or Markets? Essays on Haitian Underdevelopment.David Shapiro and Eric Tollens, The Agricultural Development of Zaire.Bruce Berman and John Lonsdale, Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Afiica.Steve Chan and Cal Clark, Flexibility, Foresight and Fortuna in Taiwan™s Development:Tibor Vagko (ed.), Problems of Economic Transition: Regional Development in Central andR. Adhikari, C. Kirkpatrick and J. Weiss (eds), Industrial and Trade Policy Reform in DevelopingDilip K. Dm, Import CandisarionDavid Simon, Cities, Capital and Development: African Cities in the World Economy.Robert‐Jan Baken and Jan van der Linden, Land Delivery for Low Zncorne Groups in Third World Cifies.Usha Jumani, Dealing with Poverty. Self‐employment for Poor Rural Women.David Wright‐Neville, The Evolution of Japanese Foreign Aid 1955‐1956. Monash Development Studies Centre Monograph No. 2. MonashOliver Morrissey, Brian Smith and Edward Horesh, British Aid and International Trade.David Keen, Refugees: Rationing the Right to Life. The Crisis in emergency relief;M. B. K. Darkoh (ed.), African River Basins and Dryland Crises.Doug Porter, Bryant Allen and Gaye ThompsonNavigating between Scylla und Charybdis. Eastern Europe.

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00539.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00540.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY