摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article analyses drought in Botswana as a ‘revelatory crisis' in which structural contradictions as well as deteriorating socio‐economic conditions are exposed. Paradoxically, however, drought also enables such conditions to be concealed because they can be attributed to the ‘crisis' and not to deeper problems and trends. In addition, crises such as droughts disrupt conventional routine sufficiently to allow actors (including government policy‐makers as well as rural producers) to innovate with normative codes. This fact along with the opening up of structural fault lines often leads to accelerated rates of social change. Change is analysed here both in terms of the structural conditions in which it takes place (and alters) and with regard to the actions taken by individuals and institutions in order to reveal the links between structure and agency. The article draws upon an extended case study from Central Botswana and utilizes Sen's method of entitlement analysis to examine changing social pr

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00523.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTParticipatory rural appraisal (PRA) methods are increasingly taken up by public sector organizations as well as NGOs among whom they have been pioneered. While PRA methods are successfully employed in a variety of project planning situations, and with increasing sophistication, in some contexts the practice of PRA faces constraints. This article examines the constraints as experienced in the early stages of one project, and suggests some more general issues to which these point. In particular, it is suggested that, as participatory exercises, PRAs involve ‘public’ social events which construct ‘local knowledge’ in ways that are strongly influenced by existing social relationships. It suggests that information for planning is shaped by relations of power and gender, and by the investigators themselves; and that certain kinds of knowledge are often excluded. Finally, the paper suggests that as a method for articulating existing local knowledge, PRA needs to be complemented by other methods of ‘participation’ which generate the changed awareness andnewways of knowing, which are necessary to locally‐controlled innovati

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00524.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDonor performance can be quantified in four ways: (1) by the amount of aid given; (2) the terms and conditions under which it is given; (3) the extent to which it is tied; and (4) by its allocation to recipients. The way in which each of these criteria can be used to measure donor performance is discussed. The evolution of international guidelines by the Development Assistance Committee of the OECD for each performance criteria and actual donor performance in these areas are also addressed. Finally, these four aspects are brought together into a single performance indicator by means of ‘aid diamonds

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00525.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThrough the 1980s, non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) became increasingly involved in implementing development projects in Latin America. In Bolivia, NGOs have played central roles in efforts to alleviate the poverty associated with structural adjustment, the consolidation of neoliberal economic policies, and the resulting reorganization of the state. International donors have shown enthusiasm for working through NGOs, particularly in the area of poverty alleviation. However, it is not clear that NGOs are more successful in overcoming poverty than state agencies. More importantly, there is evidence that the combination of state reorganization and the emergence of NGOs as implementers of development assistance has contributed to undermining grassroots organizations representing the interests of poor peopl

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00526.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe Indian marriage system has undergone major changes in the last few decades. Studies have found an expansion and intensification of dowry and increase in age at marriage. Using information from a village in Tamil Nadu, south India, this article shows that recent marriage changes in the study village (increased number of love‐marriages and stagnation or slight decline in marriage age) are caused by the economic independence and personal autonomy among the younger generation which are products of major changes in the socio‐economic organization of the soci

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00527.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article looks at some of the recent cross‐disciplinary debates on the nature of the household, and in particular the need to juxtapose intrahousehold gender relations against the wider socio‐economic context within which households are embedded. It places particular emphasis on the development of market forces, seen as a neglected theme in research on gender relations in rural Iran. Drawing on village‐level fieldwork, the ‘conjugal contracts' in two neighbouring districts of the Iranian province of Kerman are located within the wider network of socio‐economic relations in which both men and women are involved, taking into account the varied development of commercial agriculture, as well as the impact of state policies and the changing balance of social forces. Although these developments account for some of the observed differences in conjugal relations between the two districts, shared notions of ‘household unity’ and ‘wifely duty’ are also highlighted as critical factors shaping the conduct of husband and wife in ways that are comparable across the two districts. The pressures that are brought upon men and women with the development of market forces in one of the districts, while making women relatively more vulnerable in certain respects, have enhanced their assertive‐ness within marriage — often in defiance of deeply‐embedded ideologies that subsume their interests to th

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00528.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00529.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00530.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Kurt Martin Strategies of Economk Development‐Reodings in the Political Economy of IndustriaEzutwnAndre Gunder Frank, The Centrabjty of Central Asia. Comparative Asian StudiesInmanuel Wnuerstein, Unthinking social Science: The Limits of NinereentA‐Century PardgmKofi henor Hadjor, Dictionary of Tkrd World TermJohn Pottier Practising Development Social Science PerspectiveAmitabh Kundu, In the Name of the Urban Poor. Access to basic mni

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00531.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1994.tb00532.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY