摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article reviews a number of critical issues in the structural reform of animal health services in Africa. Using the New Institutional Economics, it highlights several problems that others concerned with the privatization of this service area have tended to neglect. Most notably it calls attention to: (1) the need to retain a central role for paraprofessionals in the new delivery system; (2) the desirability of competition between the veterinary and para‐veterinary professions; (3) the importance of developing state contracting procedures for assisting the private delivery of animal health that will avoid the problems of local monopoly; and (4) the central role that new and strengthened professional associations will have to play in this area if collective goods and the public interest are to be served. The article's larger purpose is to demonstrate that the New Institutional Economics has a great deal to contribute to the older precepts of neo‐classical economics in anticipating and thinking through the fundamental changes that privatization of professional services in Africa are posing. In this sense it is a first step in a larger programme of empirical and theoretical resea

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1993.tb00485.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTCo‐operatives, NGOs and community groups are being increasingly used as development agencies by policy‐makers, because they are thought to provide more accountable, effective and equitable services in many areas than public or private agencies. This article attempts to consider some of the theoretical and practical implications of this growing role by treating them as ‘value‐driven’ organizations, and asking how this differentiates them, in terms of efficiency and accountability, from public or private agencies. It notes the lack of developed theoretical models capable of dealing with this question, and examines the relevance of existing theories (neo‐classical economics, public administration and especially varieties of organization theory including the New Institutional Economics) in dealing with agencies which claim to be dominated by motivations based on democracy and altruism rather than self‐interest. The author looks at problems associated with the measurement of efficiency and enforcement of accountability in organizational life and at the need for effective incentives and sanctions which provide a stable basis for maintaining commitment. He then considers the issues involved in the enforcement of accountability to ensure the efficient use of resources in producer co‐operatives on the one hand and service delivery NGOs on the other. In the former, the focus is on the strengths and weaknesses of market competition and the costs of collective management; in the latter on the varied relationships between ‘principals and agents' involved in the production and manag

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1993.tb00486.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSocial science analysis of hunter‐gatherer societies has highlighted their economic and cultural subordination to neighbouring peoples. This article shows that, at least in the case of the San in Botswana, state bureaucratic domination is becoming the determining factor in social change. The authors provide evidence of bureaucratic domination with respect to settlement of the San, the establishment of headmanship, extension of social services and environmental legislation. In this new environment, hunter‐gatherer self‐determination requires the creation of effective political organizations to counter the bureaucratic state. Some San groups in Botswana are already reacting to the expanding presence of the state by dramatically increasing their involvement in various aspects of Botswana's electoral politics. While the outcome of the San political challenge to the state is still in doubt, the authors conclude that San settlement is a precondition for political change in spite of the serious cultural sacrifice inv

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1993.tb00487.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTStagnation and a failure to break out of a subsistence‐oriented type of production continue to characterize the agricultural sector in Western Samoa. The lack of dynamism in agriculture has variously been ascribed to subsistence affluence and limited wants, the inhibiting impact offa'asamoa– the Samoan way of life – and, more recently, to the effects of migration, remittances, aid and bureaucracy on economic development. This article suggests that the explanatory power of these factors by themselves is unsatisfactory. Instead, it argues that an absence of secure market outlets offering predictable and sufficiently attractive prices to farmers and the lack of rural‐urban links in general are at the heart of the problem. The economy seems to be caught in a vicious circle where farmers fail to commit themselves to production for the market because of a lack of secure outlets, while adequate downstream distribution and processing channels do not develop for lack of secure supplies. The interchangeable nature of commercial and subsistence production in agriculture, widespread access to overseas remittances, and the smallness of the domestic economy serve to perpetuate the d

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1993.tb00488.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Jean Drhze and Amartya Sen (eds), The Political Economy of Hunger. (WIDER Studies in Development Economics)David C. Korten, Getting to the 21st Century: Voluntary Action and the Global Agenda. West HartfordClive Moore, Jacqueline Leekie and Doug Munro (eds), Labour in theSouth PacificWalden Bello and Stephanie Rosenfeld, Dragons in Distress: Asia's Mracle Economiesin CrisisJomo K.S., Growth and Structural Change in the Malaysian EconomyDavid Simon (ed.), Third World Regional Development: A ReappraisalPhilip Hunt, Rainforest Politics. Ecological Destruction in South‐East AsiaNirmal Sengupta, Managing Common Property: Irrigation in India and the PhilippinesSiegfried Pausewang, Fantu Cheru, Stefan Briine and Eshetu Chole (eds), Ethiopia:RuraI Development OptionsAmrit Wilson. The Challenge Road: Women and the Eritrean RevolutionDavid Archer and Patrick Costello, Ltferucy and Power: The Lufin AmericunBufflegroundBjorn Hettne, Development Theory and the Three Worl

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1993.tb00489.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1993.tb00490.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY