摘要:

ABSTRACTMany development analysts assert the importance of democratic social organizations, but few either document or analyse the actual processes of internal democracy. This study examines part of the broader problem of the ‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’ — the ebbs and flows of leadership accountability over time. Drawing on the history of a Mexican regional peasant organization since 1974, the analysis suggests that different kinds of organizational structures encourage or discourage membership action, but moments of mass direct action in turn shape the ways in which organizational structures actually distribute power. The case analysis shows how the interaction of internal and external factors shaped the balance of power between leaders and members at each critical turning point. Participatory subgroups turn out to be the crucial counterweight to concentrated leadership power, mediating relations with the membership and providing alternative sources of leadership. Whether formal or informal, multiple vertical channels and alternative horizontal linkages between membership groups are crucial complements, and sometimes substitutes, to conventional organizational struc

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1992.tb00444.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTDifferential access to state‐allocated incentives, based on socio‐economic inequalities in rural society, is commonly assumed to be a key determinant of change in rural Africa. This article argues that, given the spatial diversity of Africa's rural political economies, analysis of the politics of rural change needs to be premised on an appreciation of the multiplicity of social relations through which rural power structures are configured. Data from a field study of a World Bank assisted agricultural development project in Lafia, Nigeria, are used to illustrate the manner in which spatial and inter‐community variations in responses to commercialization, cultural divisions and the reorganization of political relations during the colonial era combine to sustain regional power structures which are defined by such differences. A comparative analysis of two village communities at opposite ends of the regional spectrum of commercialization is employed to demonstrate how such power structures provide a framework within which the political conditions of access operate to the advantage of both dominant socio‐economic strata and members of particular cultural comm

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1992.tb00445.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTContemporary agricultural development strategies in The Gambia are centred on irrigated rice and vegetables—crops traditionally cultivated by women. Irrigated agriculture, however, is opening up new avenues to capital accumulation at the national, regional and household levels. This article examines the contradictions for women of donor‐funded schemes that combine gender equity with productivity objectives. The gender conflicts rife in Gambian irrigation projects point to the significance of female labour for contemporary patterns of agrarian transformation as well as the linkage between women's access to land for independent farming and forms of project participat

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1992.tb00446.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTCo‐operatives have been widely promoted as the ideal type of project for women. Because of the focus on income earning, they have been seen as less threatening than more explicit attempts to organize feminist consciousness‐raising groups. Based on field research conducted in 1988, this article discusses the experience of women in the Nicaraguan tailoring co‐operatives. After the 1979 Revolution, these were set up on a large scale as part of a wider economic policy and grassroots political mobilization. After an initial period of expansion in which many women benefited both in improved income and access to training and management experience, the co‐operatives found themselves in serious difficulty by 1988. It is argued that even without the wider economic crisis in Nicaragua, they would have faced serious problems without extensive and probably unsustainable state support. Although co‐operative employment has considerable potential, the Nicaraguan case highlights the need for new thinking on ways to resolve basic tensions between economic efficiency and worker participation. It also casts doubt on their viability as a development alternative for women, without specific attention to basic gender ine

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1992.tb00447.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis article evaluates the usefulness of cost‐benefit analysis (CBA) in the field of gender and development planning. While the incorporation of distributional considerations into CBA would appear to have made it more sensitive to gender differentials, the article argues that it is limited by a number of factors. These include both its own methodological biases, such as the bias towards marketed activities and quantifiable indicators, as well as the political economy of gender at different stages of the project cycle. Empirical examples from both First and Third World contexts are drawn on to demonstrate how these biases work in practice. The article concludes that CBA is best suited to interventionist, rather than participatory projects; to efficiency, rather than equity goals; and, where equity is the goal, to women's practical needs rather than their strategic gender interest

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1992.tb00448.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1992.tb00449.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1992.tb00450.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:T.L. Maliyamkono and M.S.D. Bagachwa,The Second Economy in Tanzania.Paul van Gelder and Joep Bijlmer (eds).About Fringes, Margins and Lucky Dips. The Informal Sector in Third World Countries; Recent Developments in Research and Policy.Wil Pansters and Arij Ouweneel (eds),Region, State and Capitalism in Mexico, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.Terry Cannon and Alan Jenkins (eds),The Geography of Contemporary China: The Impact of Deng Xiaoping's Decade.Suh Jang‐Won (ed.),Strategies for Industrial Development: Concept and Policy Issues.Bruce McKern and Praipol Koomsup (eds),The Minerals of ASEAN and Australia: Problems and Prospects.Deborah Lynn Bleviss and Vanessa Lide (eds),Energy Efficiency Strategies for Thailand. The Needs and the Benefits.Report of a conference 4–6 March 1988, Pattaya, Thailand.Maureen Mackintosh,Gender, Class and Rural Transition. Agribusiness and the Food Crisis in Senegal.Anders Hjort af Ornäs and M.A. Mohamed Salih (eds),Ecology and Politics: Environment Stress and Security in Africa.Alvin Y. So,Social Change and Development: Modernization, Dependency and World System Theories.Terry Boswell (ed.).Revolution in the World System.Thierry G. Verhelsl (trans. Bob Cumming),No Life Without Roots: Culture and Development.Howard Johnson (ed.).After the Crossing. Immigrants and Minorities in Caribbean Creole Society.Frank Furedi,The Mau Mau War in Perspective.Robert B. Edgerton,Mau Mau: An African Crucible.Edmond J. Keller,Revolutionary Ethiopia: From Empire to People's Republic.Dawit Wolde Giorgis,Red Tears: War, Famine and Revolution in Ethiopia.Andrew Finkel and Nukhet Sirman (eds),Turkish State, Turkish Society.David Dewar and Vanessa Watson,Urban Markets. Developing Informal Retailing.Josephine Smart,The Political Economy of Street Hawkers in Hong Kong.Charles Cooper and Raphael Kaplinsky (eds),Technology and Development In the Third Industrial Revolution.Patrice J.H. Riemens,On the Foreign Operations of Third World Firms.M. Dutta, Chan Pei‐Kang and Lin Shao‐Kung (eds).Research in Asian Economic Studies, Vol. 2, 1990: China's Modernization and Open Economic Policy.C. Gwin and R. Keinberg et al.,Pulling Together: The International Monetary Fund in a Multipolar World.Overseas Development Council US‐Third World Policy Perspectives, No. 13.Malcolm Wallis,Bureaucracy. Its Role in Third World Development.Peter H. Koehn,Public Policy and Administration in Africa: Lessons from Nigeria.John A. Dixon, David E. James and Paul B. Sherman,The Economics of Dryland Management.John A. Dixon, David E. James and Paul B. Sherman (eds),Dryland Management: Economic Ca

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1992.tb00451.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Said El‐Naggar (ed.),Privatization and Structural Adjustment in the Arab Countries.African Centre for Applied Research and Training in Social Development,Understanding Africa's Food Problems: Social Policy Perspectives.Penny van Esterik,Motherpower and Infant Feeding.Paul Cook and Colin Kirkpatrick (eds),Privatisation in Less Developed Countries.Gordon R. Conway and Edward B. Barbier,After the Green Revolution. Sustainable Agriculture for Developmen

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1992.tb00452.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1992.tb00453.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY