摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper argues that foreign aid programmes originated as part of the ideological confrontation known as the Cold War and that the motives behind aid were always more political than economic. It is further argued that the economic justifications for foreign aid — filling ‘gaps’ in capital, technology and skills—are suspect and that the economic benefits in terms of long‐term development are at best negligible. Turning to the future, foreign aid programmes are bound to change to reflect the new realities of global international relations. Nine specific predictions are made about the future size and composition of aid programmes. The outlook for those who favour aid is not bright, but recent changes in thinking about development suggest that more sell‐reliant strategies could well be more beneficial to the poor than conventional aid‐support

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1991.tb00430.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe first question addressed by this paper relates to the very high growth rates achieved by China's rural industries during the post‐reform period. While growth rates have undoubtedly been extremely high, they can only be put in a proper perspective when growth in different components of the sector (i.e. township‐ and village‐owned and privately owned industries) is examined separately and compared with performance before the reforms. In this regard, an important finding of the paper is that as far as township and village industries are concerned, growth rates in the post‐reform period do not represent a sudden break from the rates of the earlier period — particularly the 1970s. It is mainly in the emergence and growth of private enterprises that the growth experience of the 1980s differs substantially from that of the 1970s. The sharp decline in the growth of all rural industries in 1989 does not appear to mark a reversal in their growth environment, but the beginning of a period of consolidation and rationalization; and, contrary to popular notion, private enterprises are not the worst sufferers in this process. Finally, the paper looks at regional imbalance. Historically, rural industries in China have been concentrated more in the eastern provinces along the coast, and this regional concentration has increased during the post‐reform period of

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1991.tb00431.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA recent trend in development in Central America is the promotion of non‐traditional agricultural exports as a means of revitalizing economic growth and increasing income among the region's small producers. Using an approach which integrates environmental concerns into political‐economic analysis, this article examines the impact of this strategy on regional inequality and environmental degradation. The article begins with a synopsis of efforts to further non‐traditional exports in Central America since the Second World War. Then, in order to demonstrate the complex articulation among social, economic and environmental factors, the investigation focuses on the impact of non‐traditional exports on southern Honduras. Analysis concentrates on the most important of several non‐traditional exports being encouraged — shrimp mariculture in coastal areas along the Gulf of Fonseca. The study demonstrates the systemic interconnections among the dynamics of agricultural development, associated patterns of capitalist accumulation, rural impoverishment and serious problems of environmental degradation. The article illustrates how larger international and national forces affected people and the national environment and how local people, in turn, are attempting to affect those powers. Finally, the Honduran case is related to policy concerns regarding effective environmental management.First we were evicted from our land … now they are throwing us out of the sea. Where will we go? (Honduran peasant and artisanal fisherman,La Tribuna

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1991.tb00432.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTNatural resource tenure and economic feasibility of resource‐based activities are two of the most important issues in the current debate around environmental degradation and rural poverty. While many analyses have blamed the ‘tragedy of the commons’ and government mismanagement for environmental destruction, this paper provides a case study of resin tapping in Honduras which formulates the hypotheses that common property regimes can be successful and that economic liberalization policies may be detrimental to community‐level resource schemes. Over half of the 6000 farmer‐resin tappers in Honduras are organized into forty‐six co‐operatives that market the tree sap, wood and other forest products. These activities combine the twin goals of community‐based forest preservation and income generation. Established legally in 1974, the tapping groups have expanded to include a variety of organizational and technical arrangements. The two co‐operatives of Villa Santa and San Juan de Ojojona demonstrate contrasting histories, ecological endowments and economic outcomes. Currently the Honduran resin tappers are facing problems over their access to forest resources, the fluctuating profitability of extractive activities and the stability of the co‐operative organization. These three issues are relevant to a variety of community‐based environmental activities, and the lessons of the Honduran experience can be applied to analyse the processes of environmental degradation and community response elsewhe

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1991.tb00433.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe Family Planning Programme of Indonesia is constantly being hailed as a success story for its performance in reducing fertility rates in many parts of the country. This paper examines what this apparent success has meant for women, taking women's rights to the control of their fertility as the necessary aim for all family planning programmes, and the safeguarding of their reproductive health as an obligation. In the paper, the aims and methods of the Family Planning Programme are examined separately, in order to assess on the one hand the extent and the manner in which women's interests are acknowledged in its objectives, and, on the other, whether in its implementation the programme takes into account the needs of women, both as recipients and as family planning workers. The main conclusion of the paper is that the priorities, style of implementation and service delivery of the programme do not provide women with the means of regulating their fertility autonomously through access to freely chosen contraceptives and related services. In addition, the paper concludes that the safeguard and improvement of women's reproductive health is not among the concerns of the programme, in principle or in practice.

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1991.tb00434.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:James H. Cassing and Steven L. Husted (eds).Capital, Technology, and Labor in the New Global Economy.G.T. Kenshaw (ed.),Market Liberalisation, Equity and Development.Joan M. Nelson el al.,Fragile Coalitions: The Politics of Economic Adjustment.Hamza Alavi and John Harriss (eds),South Asia — Sociology of ‘Developing Societies’.Frans Schuurman and Ton van Naerssen (eds),Urban Social Movements in the Third World.Susan Eckstein (ed.),Power and Popular Protest. Latin American Social Movements.Jonathan Hartlyn,The Politics of Coalition Rule in Colombia.Bernard Eccleston,State and Society in Post‐war Japan.Melanie Beresford,National Unification and Economic Development in Vietnam.June I. Parpart (ed.),Homen and Development in Africa: Comparative Perspectives.Anil Bhatt,Development and Social Justice. Micro Action by Weaker S

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1991.tb00435.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0012-155X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1991.tb00436.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY