摘要:

In a dispute between a developer and a utility over charges, a Florida appellate court ruled that the Public Service Corporation (PSC) had primary and exclusive jurisdiction to fix the charge, and that the developer was liable only for the charge originally set by the PSC, and not for an additional charge levied later by the utility as the developer's “fair share” of the cost of plant expansion.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb05721.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb05725.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The world's largest installation of granular activated carbon to treat drinking water is scheduled to be put in operation by the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1988. After five years of pilot studies, details of the design of the facility, including components for on‐site regeneration of the carbon, have been developed. Twelve GAC contactors will provide an empty bed contact time of 15 minutes at a flow rate of 175 mgd (662 ML/d). The use of GAC is expected to remove the low concentrations of organic chemicals that are always present in the Ohio River, the city's water source.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb05726.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Oxidation and substitution are important mechanisms in the interaction between disinfectants and naturally occurring organics in water. Oxidation processes are responsible for the removal of organic compounds and precursors of trihalomethanes (THMs) and total organic halogen (TOX). Substitution reactions are the source of chlorine incorporation into the organic matter. Disinfectants differ in their abilities to carry out oxidation and substitution reactions, but studies show that chloramines also add chlorine to organic materials by substitution. Before a decision is made to change disinfectants, operating parameters and chemical functions must be taken into account to achieve the best quality drinking water.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb05727.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A full‐scale (8‐cfs [0.22‐m3/s]) reverse osmosis (RO) water treatment plant equipped with conventional cellulose acetate membranes, and two pilot RO plants, equipped with polyamide membranes, were tested for their ability to remove total organic carbon and a broad range of trace organics, including volatiles, purgeables, neutrals, bases, phenols, and acids from lime‐clarified secondary municipal wastewater. The full‐scale RO system removed total organic carbon (TOC) by 89 percent to 0.95 mg/L at 84‐percent water recovery, and the pilot RO systems removed TOC by 99 percent to 0.1 mg/L at water recoveries of 52 and 67 percent, respectively. The two membranes tested showed significant differences in their ability to reject trace organics. All membranes rejected branched, complex molecules but varied in their rejection characteristics for smaller molecules, such as chlorinated solvents. The latter group was rejected to a varying degree by polyamide membranes but passed through cellulose acetate membranes. The use of RO for trace organics removal is evaluated by comparing cumulative removals of different treatment schemes with and without RO treatment.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb05728.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The development, verification, and application of a method based on isotope dilution gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry to determine aqueous trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) at the micrograms‐per‐litre level are described. The simultaneous determination of aqueous chloroform is also demonstrated. Trichloroacetic acid is shown to be a significant by‐product of the chlorination of raw waters in the laboratory and to constitute a large fraction of the total organic halide (TOX) formed. Analysis of finished‐water samples indicated that TCAA, like trihalomethanes, is ubiquitous. Positive correlations exist between the levels of TCAA in laboratory‐chlorinated raw waters and in finished waters and measured TOX.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb05729.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) model was used to predict multicomponent adsorption equilibria for carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene in two‐component and three‐component solutions on activated carbon and carbonaceous resin. Single‐solute adsorption experiments were performed to acquire isotherm parameters and multicomponent adsorption experiments to verify IAS model results. The model described some of the multicomponent adsorption equilibria for the concentration range of 1‐2000 μg/L. However, there were notable exceptions not easily explained by experimental error, suggesting that the IAS model may not be valid in general. Carbonaceous resin has a higher capacity for each of the three volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) than does activated carbon, and the order of adsorbability when in competition agrees with that expected from the relative adsorbability of each VOC as determined from its adsorption isotherms, i.e., from high to low—tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and carbon tetrachloride.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb05730.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study showed that the trihalomethane (THM) concentration in finished water that had been treated at 35.6°F (2°C) was significantly lower than in water treated at 71.6°F (22°C). Water temperature did not appear to affect the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) during coagulation with metal ion salts, but color removal was slightly reduced at low temperatures. The efficiency of coagulation for removing TOC, color, and THM formation potential improved when the water was treated at pH 5 rather than pH 7, regardless of temperature. Removal of low‐molecular‐weight organic substances was found to be more difficult at 35.6°F (2°C) than at 71.6°F (22°C). The data obtained suggest that reduced THM concentrations in finished water during winter are strictly a function of the reduced rate of THM formation.

ISSN:0003-150X    

DOI:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb05731.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY