摘要:

The present report describes the basic epidemiological measures and concepts used in association studies, i.e. measures of disease frequency and the concept of risk, together with their internal relationships. Further, the different types of designs for HLA and association studies are reviewed with particular reference to estimation of association strength. It is shown that the odds ratio from a 2 × 2 table estimates the incidence density ratio which again under certain conditions estimates the relative risk, if the study is based on incident (new) cases. However, most HLA and association studies are prevalence‐based, which implies that the relative risk and incidence density ratio cannot be estimated unless a series of conditions is fulfilled. Finally, it is stressed that a detailed description of study design and the age classes studied as well as the procedure of case ascertainment should be mandatory before comparisons between and pooling of estimates from different studies are perform

ISSN:0001-2815    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1982.tb01449.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is the aim of the present report to review principles and measures which are fundamental in modern epidemiology and happen to be closely related to expressions used in studies of association between HLA and disease. These measures, the etiologic and the preventive fractions, may easily be estimated from the traditional 2 × 2 table. Furthermore, the practical procedures leading to estimates of theabsolutefrequency measures for individuals with and without a given HLA factor are presented; these estimates may also be obtained from the 2 × 2 table, supplemented with data on the disease frequency in the general population. The estimation procedures are simple in all the subtypes of the association study design, but especially in prevalence‐based association studies some important limitations as to the interpretation and generalization should be kept in mind. A subsequent report will use the measures and principles, outlined here, in order to facilitate an extension of the perspectives of the results and establish a connection between this field of HLA research and clinical and genetic epidemiol

ISSN:0001-2815    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1982.tb01450.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Clones of alloreactive T‐lymphocytes were isolated from 6‐day‐old mixed leukocyte cultures (MLCs) by limiting dilution in the presence of filler cells (either pooled irradiated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCX) or autologous PBMCX) followed by expansion of clonal progeny with Intcrlcukin 2 (IL 2). Using allogeneic IL 2, produced by stimulating pooled PBMC with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), in conjunction with pooled filler cells for the limiting dilution cloning, over half the clones obtained had primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) function. The majority of these discriminated priming cell HLA‐D type with fine specificity. However, clones which were restimulated by cells of specificities other than the priming HLA—D type were also found, and, moreover, some (“wild” clones) were not restimulated by the original priming cells. Antigens responsible for restimulating these clones included hitherto undetected HLA‐encoded products (different from HLA‐A, B, C, D, DR, MT, MB or SB). Such “wild” clones were also obtained after cloning procedures in which autologous filler cells were used. Autologous IL 2, depleted of mitogenic PHA, and used in conjunction with autologous filler cells, also failed to prevent generation of such clones. These results indicate that although the PLT‐functional lymphocyte population alloactivated by a single HLA—DR/Dw specificity expressed by HLA—D homozygous stimulating cells consists of a majority of clones exclusively recognising specific priming‐type HLA‐DR/Dw products, it also contains clones recognising different HLA‐DR/Dw specificities, as well as clones recognising lymphocyte stimulating determinants hitherto undetected b

ISSN:0001-2815    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1982.tb01451.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thirty monoclonal alloantibodies (mAB) against mouse Iakantigens have been derived by fusion of mouse myeloma and spleen cells from A.TH (KsIsDd) mice immune to A.TL (KsIkDd) lymphoid cells. Analysis of: (i) their reactivity (using125I labelled protein A cell binding or cytotoxicity assays) on lymphoid cells from selected mouse strains with recombinantH‐2haplotypes; and (ii) the spatial arrangement of the specificities detected on the Iakmolecules (studied by means of competitive inhibition of binding of radio‐labelled monoclonal antibodies), permitted the identification of various epitopes present either on theI‐Akmolecules (some of which were apparently identical to the conventional Ia. 2, Ia. 1 and Ia. 19 specificities), or theI‐Ekmolecule (some being apparently analogous to the Ia.7 specificity) or on bothI‐AkandI‐Ekproducts.These mAB were tested in two different panels of human T and B lymphocytes. Panel (a) consisted of 28 Caucasian unrelated individuals, highly selected with regard to HLA—DR specificities, while panel (b) concerned 53 random HLA‐A, B, C, DR typed individuals. The standard complement dependent lymphocytotoxicity microtechnique of histocompatibility workshop VIII was used throughout. All mAB were negative on resting T cells. Testing on B cells produced three patterns: 1) ten mAB did not react with any B cell tested; 2) four mAb reacted with all the panel cells; 3) sixteen mAb reacted with different sets of the panel indicating identification of polymorphic determinants.However, the strength of positivity obtained with a majority of single mAb varied considerably in the panel, suggesting identification of cross‐reactive determinants. This necessitated the use of individual assignment criteria for each mAb. Following this procedure, 8 mAb were ascertained as reacting with HLA—DR supertypic determinants, 6 with associations to MT1, MT2, or both. Eight mAb reacted with HLA‐DR subtypic determinants (more restricted than a classical DR allele). No mAb were ascertained, reacting exquisitly with acknowledged HLA‐D

ISSN:0001-2815    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1982.tb01452.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Histocompatibility antigen typing was performed on 12 Caucasian patients with the pigment despersion syndrome. Increased prevalence of HLA‐B13 and Bw17 that had been observed in a previous study (Becker et al. 1977) could not be comfirmed in the present study. There were no significant increases of HLA‐B7 and B12 in glaucoma patients with or without the pigment dispersion syndrome. HLA‐Bw35 was increased in white patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma in the Greater Detro

ISSN:0001-2815    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1982.tb01453.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

HLA typing was performed in three groups of nickel sensitive persons: a) 27 pairs of female monozygous twins, b) 34 pairs of female dizygous twins, e) 51 unrelated females. Persons who had developed hand eczema were considered separately. In none of these groups did the frequencies of HLA antigens differ significantly from those found among the controls. Thus, no confirmation of the earlier results indicating an association between HLA and nickel sensitivity was established.

ISSN:0001-2815    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1982.tb01454.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-2815    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1982.tb01455.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-2815    

DOI:10.1111/j.1399-0039.1982.tb01456.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY