ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1965.47

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1965.48

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1965.49

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1965.50

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractProductivity analyses have been undertaken by such a variety of specialists and in such differing contexts that few can cope with the broadly dispersed literature. It is not surprising, therefore, that the same problems are rediscovered time and again, that faulty concepts remain in use and that empirical findings are often misinterpreted. Such shortcomings will continue to hamper the development of this field until past advances are more effectively consolidated and the current frontiers more clearly delineated. In this paper, therefore, certain past findings will be used as points of departure for considering the problems and means of effecting further gains.One comprehensive exploration of productivity analysis suggested four general conclusions, along with their analytical foundations, which seem to have withstood subsequent consideration well enough to serve as bases for this undertaking:That productivity analysis serves a variety of purposes and hence requires a corresponding variety of appropriately designed measures:That the productivity of any activity system should refer not to any single input-output ratio, but to an integrated network of such measures;That the effects of productivity adjustments depend not only on their magnitudes, but also on the sources responsible for them, on the nature of the changes in input-output relationships involved, and on managerial choices among alternative means of harnessing their potential benefits;That evaluating such effects requires supplementing physical with cost measures and then with successively broader criteria until these come to reflect the guiding objectives of the system under study.Such conclusions imply that productivity adjustments may assume many forms, that apparent increases in productivity levels need not always be beneficial, that the very same pattern of productivity changes may have quite different effects in dissimilar circumstances and, finally, that productivity increases are not ends in themselves but merely one means of promoting more fundamental ends. Further development may seek to extend the original analysis beyond standardized commodity production to other economic activities, beyond a plant or firm to larger aggregates, and beyond short periods. But such elaborations of this framework require the strengthening of its conceptual foundations. Hence, it is to these that primary attention will be given.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1965.51

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe following paper deals with a special type of inventory control problem in which the commodity to be controlled is cash. An insurance company holds a reserve of cash, part of which is invested in short-term loans, the balance being held on current account in a bank. The company draws on the balance to meet the requirements of the company's stockbrokers, who invest money on its behalf, and to meet claims and expenses. If these drawings are large, an overdraft may result. Thus, as distinct from standard inventory problems, in this problem storage and penalty costs are well defined. The paper has two main features. Firstly, an approximate solution is found using characteristics of the optimal solution determined by dynamic programming. Secondly, an algorithm for long-duration processes of this type is derived.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1965.52

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThere has recently proliferated a spate of Simulation Programming systems. They agree in asserting that the simulation advances in a two-phase manner, and on precious little else. Since each programming system, once adopted, imposes a particular attitude to the way the world works, it seems desirable to the writer to attempt to clarify the notions involved and comment on the advantages and disadvantages of the various viewpoints that may be adopted. He also proposes a conceptually original viewpoint, which in his view subsumes the advantages of previously proposed attitudes and has only the disadvantage of requiring a very heavy burden of analysis to set up the flow of the programme, a job that can safely be left to the programming system. He suggests that no object system requires for its structuring all its complexity but subsets are easily implementablead hocto give efficient experiments on computing facilities.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1965.53

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractSome of the basic characteristics of analogue computers are summarized and previous applications in the operational research field are reviewed. The paper briefly reports on four investigations which the authors carried out using an analogue computer: (1) Study of an inventory system; (2) Analysis of forecasting methods; (3) Locating a warehouse or distribution depot; (4) Controlling and resetting policies for processes subject to trend.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1965.54

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe paper considers a firm manufacturing several thousand different products, each requiring manufacturing time on several of its available production facilities. Production is scheduled according to a week-by-week rota, arranged so as to generate even average work loads on each production facility. Fluctuations in sales demands, however, lead to a discrepancy between the stock requirements in any section of the rota and the production capacities available. Consequently, to avoid the rota becoming disorganized, some form of production control must be applied. Since the production capacities are largely fixed, this must consist of adjusting the stock requirements. A method of computing adjusted requirements which minimizes a weighted sum of squares of the adjustments made is described. The method is based on Wolfe's technique for quadratic programming, modified to make it computationally feasible in the situation considered which involves several thousand non-negative and usually non-zero variables.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1965.55

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1965.56

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1965

数据来源: Taylor