摘要:

AbstractEvolution poses some very special problems in scientific methodology. This paper offers a new approach to these problems, based on a model which was born in the management sciences, but which applies to the evolution of social and biological systems alike. Details of the model are presented and its methodological implications are discussed.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1984.144

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThis paper discusses the modelling of lateral collision risk for aircraft crossing the North Atlantic. It describes the air traffic system, safety philosophy, a mathematical collision risk model and the practical results of the work.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1984.145

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractA large, publicly owned corporation has a yearly problem of allocating work to private contractors. The current heuristic procedure used to do this economically on a minicomputer is described. This quick procedure generally does not lead to an optimal solution. The formulation and solution of the problem as an optimization model (an integer programme) is then described. It is then pointed out that this model can be regarded as a minimum cost network flow model showing the optimization problem to be much easier than it at first appeared. Regarding the problem in this manner has the advantage of (i) showing it is possible to optimize very quickly on a minicomputer; (ii) demonstrating that meaningful shadow prices can be derived.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1984.146

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractA case study is presented that demonstrates the use of a randomized control trial in measuring the impact of a social security operation. The need to measure the impact of many public sector activities is discussed. The infrequent reported use of experiments in such measurement is noted and the value of experimentation, and its role compared with other approaches, is considered. The study highlights some design principles for experiments in organizations.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1984.147

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe secondary allocation scheme proposed for Reading by Berkshire County Council (B.C.C.) in 1978 has been investigated under the Race Relations Act. After reviewing previous programming studies of devising school catchment areas, this paper uses the technique of goal programming to analyze the problem of proposing catchment areas for the secondary schools in Greater Reading. Six goals are identified: distance, difficulty of journey, racial balance, reading-age retarded balance, sex balance and capacity utilization. The problem is solved for 10 alternative sets of goal weights, and it is shown that most of these dominate the B.C.C. solution.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1984.148

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractA monopoly possesses a finite stock of a resource and wishes to determine an optimal pricing policy. The competitive fringe invests in production capacity and wishes to select an optimal investment rate. Demand towards the monopoly depends on price as well as on the sales rate of the competition. Modelling the situation as a differential game, non-cooperative (Nash and Stackelberg) and cooperative (Pareto) equilibria are determined. Owing to the special structure of the game, these solutions can be found in closed form.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1984.149

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThep-centre problem, or minimax location-allocation problem in location theory terminology, is the following: givenndemand points on the plane and a weight associated with each demand point, findpnew facilities on the plane that minimize the maximum weighted Euclidean distance between each demand point and its closest new facility. We present two heuristics and an optimal algorithm that solves the problem for a givenpin time polynomial inn. Computational results are presented.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1984.150

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractA network flow model is used for budget allocation in a multi-campus institution over several years. The network had a hierarchical structure with three hierarchies. The network's lower bounds represent the minimal requirements for each component. The upper bounds represent the predicted future requirement. They are predicted via a cost simulation model where several volume indices, policy variables and some environmental factors are used. Thus the overall planning process combines simulation with optimization.The model maximizes the additive utility function of the institution, expressed as a weighted summation over the preferences of the three hierarchies. The preferences are evaluated by using a multi-goal approach, utilizing pairwise comparisons and the eigenvalue prioritization technique developed by T. Saaty.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1984.151

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe following assignment problem is considered. There arenactivities to be assigned to n personnel. The cost of assigning activityito personjiscij. It is required to find all the efficient assignments, i.e. those for which there exists no other assignment which has at least as small costs for each person and strictly smaller costs for at least one person. The main results are as follows. In Theorem 1 it is shown that whereas, for many integer problems, the standard scalar weighting factor approach will not produce all the efficient solutions, in this case it will. In Theorem 2 it is shown that when each efficient vector is determined by a single assignment solution, the efficient set is identical to the set of efficient vertices of the convex hull of the assignment solution set.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1984.152

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThis note proves that, in the problem considered by White, no efficient solution can be dominated by a linear combination of efficient solutions. This provides an elementary proof of a result due to Hartley, presented at a seminar at the University of Manchester.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1984.153

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1984

数据来源: Taylor