ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1969.24

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe paper describes a 5-year sequence of research activities and the associated stages of implementation of resulting“practical”methods for relating standards of service and manpower requirements in an airline's telephone reservations offices. It goes on to review some important reappraisals of the standards of service in terms of their effects on the customer and on the direct cost of operation of such facilities. It also describes work which is in progress to improve the method of forecasting telephone workload, and to produce a fully automated system for budgeting and planning. The paper concludes by drawing some lessons from the experiences gained over the 5-year period which may help others engaged in similar studies.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1969.25

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractA procedure for locating depots and their distribution areas is described and illustrated for the area of South-east England. The solution was obtained by an iterative search procedure. The program was written in a flexible fashion so as to be able to deal with multi-factory deliveries and a variable number of depots. Existing depots were allowed for in the procedure. Arrangements were made to avoid impermissible depot locations and to allow increased driving time for natural hazards.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1969.26

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractAs in many large organizations with graded staffs, promotions of R.N. officers above the junior ranks depend on vacancies created by retirement and other losses and by promotions from the rank above. Career prospects are a function of age distributions and wastage rates and of fluctuations in the size of the Navy. There are three entry streams with different conditions and prospects. Career planning consists in regulating the sizes of the different streams, and of transfers between them, so as to produce maximum stability in promotion prospects at desired levels, consistent with maintaining the correct strengths and retaining flexibility. Close statistical control is necessary, involving long-term career models and shorter-term forecasts. The actuarial techniques used can also be applied to assess civilian staff career prospects, whether or not career planning methods are in operation.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1969.27

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractProblematic situations often arise in which it is required to provide a solution which will tend to avoid events, which, if they occur, would be very costly, or, if not directly costable, they would be highly undesirable. Although direct approaches to this sort of problem exist, they can be unmanageable. If, however, we take as a posit, that the frequency with which the undesirable events arise, in the optimum solution, is small, considerable simplifications can be made. Naturally we need to check the posit once the solution has been found. This paper considers three applications of this principle, viz. determination of how many chargers are needed for steel furnaces, where the undesirable event is“a furnace waits for service”; determination of the number of emergency beds to set aside in a hospital unit, where the undesirable event is“an emergency case arrives and no bed is immediately available”; determination of an inventory reorder rule where the undesirable event is“stock run-out”. The general principle is formalized.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1969.28

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractQuantitative methods are derived to assist buyers purchasing commodities in fluctuating price markets. Demand is known whilst price is a stochastic variable which may contain trends or seasonal fluctuations. The essential feature of the problem is that the buyer has many opportunities to make a purchase.Mathematical models are formulated to describe particular commodity buying problems. The optimal purchasing policy is derived by using dynamic programming. It consists of a set of discrete price breaks at each buying opportunity together with the associated stock levels the buyer should aim to achieve at each price break with his purchase at this opportunity. The price breaks are dependent on the probability density functions of future prices and the number of future buying opportunities. Recurrence relations are derived to calculate these price breaks. The case of restrictions on the purchase quantity at each price offer, either because of supply limitations or by the buyer as a policy decision, and price discounts are also considered.A case study illustrating the techniques is given and the methods are extended to purchasing for a blending problem with substitutable commodities.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1969.29

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe paper starts with a discussion of the simple fleet size problem. It is shown that this simple problem can be formulated as a linear program.The second part of the paper consists of an actual case study. The fleet concerned is faced with highly seasonal demand which can be met by the firm's own vehicles or by outside hire. There are two types of vehicle, both of which are available in six different sizes. Linear programming was used to find the optimum size and composition of the company fleet. The results, which were substantially implemented, recommended a smaller company fleet and concentration on larger and more flexible vehicles.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1969.30

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractAfter briefly introducing the gravity and interactance models, the following article goes on to discuss the status of these models and asks: Are the hypotheses reasonable; are the models logically consistent; and do the models fit the facts? The first two sections are of a theoretical nature although a number of practical examples are given to illustrate certain of the points made. The third section consists of a series of case studies covering U.K. port traffic, intra-European air traffic, West German domestic air traffic, inter-urban traffic in Africa, and urban road traffic in Oxford. Graphs are plotted to show the relationship between the various traffic model parameters.The general conclusion from the analysis is that gravity and interactance models do not provide a valid means of producing traffic forecasts in a regional environment. The concluding section is devoted to discussing other methods of traffic forecasting and suggesting the most promising areas for future research.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1969.31

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThis paper considers dynamic single- and multi-product inventory problems in which the demands in each period are independent and identically distributed random variables. The problems considered have the following common characteristics. At the beginning of each period two order quantities are determined for each product. A“normal order”quantity with a constant positive lead time ofλnperiods and an“emergency order”quantity with a lead time ofλeperiods, whereλe=λn- 1. The ordering decisions are based on linear procurement costs for both methods of ordering and convex holding and penalty costs. The emergency ordering costs are assumed to be higher than the normal ordering costs. In addition, future costs are discounted.For the single-product problem the optimal ordering policy is shown to be the same for all periods with the exception of the last period in theN-period problem. For the multi-product problem the one- andN-period optimal ordering policy is characterized where it is assumed that there are resource constraints on the total amount that can be ordered or produced in each period.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1969.32

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1969.33

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1969

数据来源: Taylor