ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1964.38

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1964

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1964.39

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1964

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractTown development is a complex process which has wide physical, social and economic consequences. Its impact varies as between private and public developers and the community at large, and it is a potent source of conflict. Techniques are needed to evaluate the consequences of decisions in this field from the various points of view. There is a need both for evaluating alternative solutions to the same problem and for evaluating alternative ways of investing the same resources. Decisions about town development involve the trinity of appearance, amenity and costs. It is easier to reach rational decisions when the consequences of alternative choices have been quantified than when they consist of a large number of factors relating to separate attributes, some of which are qualitative. It is necessary to understand the conflicts of interest, to evaluate the social and economic benefits and to provide indicators which measure the balances of advantage between alternative policies.Town development is a long-term and enduring process. Both its costs and benefits are spread over long periods of time and evaluation of its consequences can only be based on predictions. Many of the costs and benefits are indirect and frequently suitable cost data are not available; special cost studies are often necessary to enable the consequences to be evaluated. Many of the benefits are, of course, a matter of opinion, but some benefits can be evaluated by experienced observers, although even then there are still problems of weighting; in some other cases the benefits can be quantified by using indirect measures. Because costs and benefits are spread over time, values must be discounted, the possible effects on the decision of the rate chosen must be studied.Broadly, there are two methods of summarizing the results of the analysis,“costs in use”based on balance sheets for comparing alternative means to the same end and“cost-benefit ratio”for investment type problems. The latter technique is related in some forms to business investment choice techniques. These techniques have a value in many fields in addition to their use in town development.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1964.40

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1964

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractOperational research has set for itself the general goal of providing solutions to management problems. In view of this the authors assert that operational research has paid scant attention to work in the behavioural sciences in devising its approaches to problems. This omission can be serious. It can also be remedied, at least in part, and it is the purpose of this article to lay a foundation for such a remedy.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1964.41

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1964

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1964.42

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1964

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1964.43

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1964

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1964.44

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1964

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1964.45

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1964

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractQueues of aircraft that form at airports, both in the air and on the ground, are the biggest source of delay in civil air transport operations. The study of these queues is complicated by the fact that the times at which aircraft join the queues are not independent, and also by considerable diurnal fluctuation of traffic.This paper describes an approach, primarily through simulation of idealized models, on a digital computer. The object of the work was to obtain insight into the behaviour of runway queues rather than to imitate the activity of a particular airport. The models used assume that the arrival times at the queues are the result of a scheduled pattern being disordered through aircraft being independently early or late. Such an arrival process degenerates to a Poisson process if the discrepancies from schedule are very large, but in practice it is significantly different. Results from 300,000 simulated take-offs and landings are given.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1964.46

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1964

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractAn algorithm applicable to the problem of locating supply points optimally with respect to transport costs is given.Although the algorithm may fail to converge to an optimal solution, repeated application with judicious selections of alternative starting values will assure a good, if not optimal, solution.The algorithm has been tested and some sample results are included.

ISSN:0160-5682    

DOI:10.1057/jors.1964.47

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1964

数据来源: Taylor