摘要:

AbstractThe development of zygotes in immature, superovulated, and adult female rats was followed by flushing their oviducts and uteri on each of the days L1–L4(LOis day of sperm finding). Superovulated rats showed a 3.6 times greater rate of preimplantation losses. The loss occurred between L1and L2in immatures and was restricted to some of the females; in matures the loss was between L3and L4. In the immatures some zygotes were already in the uterus on L2. The loss of zygotes in the immature rats is attributed to accelerated transport leading to expulsion as well as lysis of some zygotes within the tract. These latter may be the zygotes identified as morphologicaly abnormal. It is speculated that PMSG may force the ovulation of unfit oocyte

ISSN:0148-7280    

DOI:10.1002/mrd.1120060102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe morphologic changes undergone by the human secondary oocyte following ovulation were assessed by light microscopy in 57 specimens recovered from the Fallopian tube and endometrial cavity between 24 and 144 hr after the luteinizing hormone peak in plasma. Ovarecovered shortly after ovulation were surrounded by a large cumulus mass comprising approximately 20,000 follicular cells. Whenever it was possible to perform a detailed observation of the perivitelline space in these ova, the presence of a polar body was recognized. The oocyte usually occupied an excentric position within the cumulus. Ovum denudation appeared to proceed by breakdown of the cumulus into fragments and release of the oocyte with a small number of cells attached to the zona. As a consequence of this process the oocyte surrounded by a few layers of cells frequently coexisted with large fragments of the cumulus. Progress of ovum denudation was time dependent and proceeded at a relatively slow pace. Some uterine ova still had cells attached to the zona. At 96 hr after the LH peak 40% of the ova underwent fragmentation of the cytoplasm giving rise to anucleated pieces of varying sizes. The dimensions of the zona pellucida and ooplasm presented wide individual variations as well as some time related changes. The mean external diameter of the zona ± SD of 43 ova was 161.6 ± 14.6 μm.The occurrence of denudation and cytoplasmic fragmentation were more clearly related to the postovulatory age of the ovum than to the site of recovery. The rate of denudation of human oocytes seems to proceed at a much lower speed in comparison with small mammals currently used as laboratory anima

ISSN:0148-7280    

DOI:10.1002/mrd.1120060103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus intermedius, cAMP‐binding capacity was found in the sedimentable fractions obtained by centrifuging the homogenate of the embryos at 10,000g for 20 min and 105,000g for 1 h, and also the supernatant fraction by centrifugation at 105,000g. The cAMP‐binding capacity was estimated depending on the radioactivity of3H‐cAMP found in the nonfiltered matter obtained by a filtration through a Millipore filter of a mixture containing3H‐cAMP and each fraction. Prior to the filtration, the mixture was incubated at 0°C for 1 hr. In all fractions, the addition of nonlabeled cAMP to the mixture containing3H‐cAMP resulted in a marked decrease in the radioactivity in the nonfiltered matter. cGMP, cTMP, and cUMP caused only a slight decrease in the radioactivity in the nonfiltered matter. These indicate that specific cAMP binding occurs in the nonfiltered matter of all fractions. The extent of decrease in3H‐radioactivity by cIMP was higher than that caused by cAMP in the 10,000g sedimentable fraction, but in the other fractions, it was as low as observed when cGMP, cTMP, and cUMP were added. This suggests that the nature of cAMP‐binding matter in this fraction differs somewhat from those in the other fractions. cAMP‐binding capacity in this fraction (10,000g sedimentable fraction) increased gradually during development and the capacity in the other fractions, especially in the supernatant fraction, decreased at the gastrula stage. Protein kinase activity was also found in these fractions. Alteration of intracellular distribution of cAMP‐binding proteins and protein kinases during development probably shows the change in the role of protein kinase in the mechan

ISSN:0148-7280    

DOI:10.1002/mrd.1120060104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe spermatozoon of the polychaete Tomopteris helgolandica is of an aberrant type with two flagella, each measuring about 40μm. The nucleus is roughly conical and weakly bent. At the anterior end it is rounded and covered only by the nuclear and plasma membranes. Membraneous, electron‐dense structures are applied laterally to the nucleus. These structures may have a helical arrangement. The middle piece contains about ten mitochondria, two centrioles, and two centriolar satellite complexes. The centriolar regions are connected with the posterior part of the nucleus. The axonemes of the two tail flagella lack the usual central complex with central tubules, radial spokes, or related structures. No arms seem to be present on the A tubules of the doublets. In the middle piece the tail flagella are surrounded by invaginations of the plasma membrane forming flagellar canals. The sperm has a bilateral symmetry whereas the primitive sperm has a radial symmetry. The occurrence of two tail flagella in this spermatozoon has no phylogenetical connection with biflagellate spermatozoa in other animal groups. A series of mutations has resulted in the development of two flagella emerging from the two centrioles, the lack of a central complex in the axoneme, and the lack of a typical acrosome. In the Polychaeta, sperm structure is generally more related to function that to phylogenetics. During swimming the spermatozoon of Tomopteris rotates around its longitudinal ax

ISSN:0148-7280    

DOI:10.1002/mrd.1120060105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe have developed two procedures to collect total cortical granule exudate in a soluble form from eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Egg suspensions were either treated with dithiothreitol to disrupt the vitelline envelope or divalent cations were removed postinsemination to prevent the normal vitelline‐to‐fertilization envelope transition. Rapid acidification of the insemination mixture (dithiothreitol‐treated eggs) to pH 6.0 prevented precipitation of the paracrystalline protein fraction described by Bryan [1970a]. Exudate was partitioned into three fractions. The pH 8.0‐insoluble fraction appeared to be identical to the paracrystalline protein fraction. The pH 8.0‐soluble fraction was separated into pH 4.0‐soluble and‐insoluble fractions. Analysis for peroxidase and protease activities showed that peroxidase activity was localized in all three fractions whereas protease activity was restricted to the pH 4.0 insoluble fraction as reported [Carroll and Epel, 1975]. A minimum of six major proteins were detected on native polyacrylamide gels of total exudate. Under reducing and denaturing conditions, 12 polypeptides ranging from 19,000 to 165,000 in molecular weight were detected in total exudate; six polypeptides were recovered in the pH 8.0‐insoluble fraction. To test the hypothesis that protease and peroxidase activities process cortical granule proteins after secretion, we inseminated eggs in solutions containing peroxidase and protease inhibitors. The paracrystalline protein fraction crystallized slowly from insemination mixtures containing both inhibitors compared to controls and there were dramatic differences in exudate electrophoretic patterns. We suggest that cortical granule protease and peroxidase activities process the exudate so that the paracrystalline protein fraction rapidly crystallizes during norma

ISSN:0148-7280    

DOI:10.1002/mrd.1120060106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe contents of the oviducts of ewes were recovered by flushing with small volumes of culture medium, 22½–24¼ hr after mating. The ampulla was flushed separately from the uterotubal junction and isthmus. Among the motile spermatozoa recovered, a proportion exhibited “hyperactivated” motility, also known as “activated”, or “whiplash” motility. This was characterized by increased flexion of the neck, increased amplitude of the flagellar waves, and marked asymmetry of beat. Two types of hyperactivation appeared: in the first, spermatozoa swam in a repetitive, nonprogressive circling pattern and appeared to have intact acrosome caps; in the second, the spermatozoa showed a propensity to stick to glass by the equatorial segment and most had modified or missing acrosome caps. The proportions of motile spermatozoa exhibiting hyperactivation were greatest in the ampullae, as were the proportions with modified or absent acrosomes. Hyperactivation is a capacitation‐associated phenomenon that has now been reported for one or more species from seven orders of eutherian mammals. It may well be a universal aspect of the prefertilization behavior of mammalian spermatozoa and is probably of advantage to the fertilizing spermatozoon w

ISSN:0148-7280    

DOI:10.1002/mrd.1120060107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSpermatocytes in the late prophase of first meiotic division isolated from sterile males retain higher activities for three X‐linked enzyme5, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)‐1, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) than those of fertile males. The sterilty of the male is presumed to be owing to the rearrangement of X‐chromosome material and the possibility of abnormal meiotic X‐chromosome inactivation

ISSN:0148-7280    

DOI:10.1002/mrd.1120060108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn antiserum was produced in one rabbit against mouse zonae pellucidae solubilized with 70 mM Na2SO3, 1% SDS, and 0.04 mM CuSO4. An IgG of zona antibody completely inhibited fertilization both in vitro and in vivo in the mouse. F(ab′)2fragment obtained by pepsin digestion of IgG zona antibody inhibited fertilizability of eggs in vitro but did not inhibit fertilization in vivo after passive immunizatio

ISSN:0148-7280    

DOI:10.1002/mrd.1120060109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe adenylate cyclase activity of human ejaculated spermatozoa in broken‐cell preparations was investigated. In the presence of 5 mM metal cations and 0.1 mM ATP, the relative enzyme activity with Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+was 1.00, 0.28, 0.22, and 0.03, respectively. Added Ca2+appeared to activate the enzyme in the presence of Mn2+or Mg2+. The human sperm adenylate cyclase was stimulated by ∼ 2‐fold by free Ca2+(lmM) in the presence of Mg2+(5 mM). If the GTP analogue, 5′‐guanylyl imidophosphate (Gpp(NH)p) was added to the sperm homogenate in the presence of 200 μM ethylene‐glycol‐bis (β‐aminoethylether) N,N′‐tetraacetic acid (EGTA), the adenylate cyclase activity was increased by approximately 25%, but with the addition of 280 μM Ca2+there was a decrease in enzyme activity. A similar response to low concentrations of Ca2+was obtained after complementation of the sperm enzyme with the guanine nucleotide regulatory component from human erythrocytes, where the addition of 40 μM Gpp(NH)p, 200 μM EGTA, and Ca2+(≤ 160 μM) stimulated the sperm enzyme ∼ 3–4‐fold, but the further addition of Ca2+(280 μM, final) neutralized the stimulatory effect. The addition of adenosine, and the nucleotides 5′‐AMP and 5′‐ADP inhibited the enzyme, whereas guanine and 5′‐GMP had no appreciable effect. Human follicular fluid and serum also had little direct effect on the sperm adenylate cyclase. These resuls suggest that Ca2+might be an important physiological

ISSN:0148-7280    

DOI:10.1002/mrd.1120060110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0148-7280    

DOI:10.1002/mrd.1120060111

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY