ISSN:1320-5463    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1991.tb01643.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Neurological disorders are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this report we describe the neuropathological changes associated with both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and with the major opportunistic virus infections, cytomegalovirus (CMV), JC papovavirus (JCV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) seen in AIDS. In addition“in situ”hybridization studies have been employed for the detection of virus genomic material in each case and the usefulness of this method in supporting the pathological diagnosis is demonstrated. Mechanisms whereby HIV infection results in leukoencephaiopathy and the possible contributing roles of the three opportunistic virus infections are discus

ISSN:1320-5463    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1991.tb01644.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Evaluation of a neuropathological series of 160 HIV infected patients, almost all in the terminal AIDS stage of the infection, allowed recognition of novel syndromes which can be regarded as HIV specific neuropathology because: 1) they are not observed in non HIV tissues; 2) HIV is, in our hands consistently by immunocytochemistry, demonstrable in large amounts within these lesions; 3) other pathogens are not detectable within these lesions; and 4) these lesions may occur in isolated fashion within CNS tissues (40% of HIV‐specific neuropathology in this series), without any other CNS pathology. HIV specific neuropathology was found in 34% in this series and comprised two prototypes within a spectrum of frequently overlapping changes: multifocal microgranulomatous lesions of HIV encephalitis, and diffuse white matter damage of HIV leukoencephalopathy. In almost all cases, multinucleated giant cells signal the local presence of HIV in routine stains. In contrast to HIV‐specific neuropathology, various unspecific nervous tissue syndromes do not consistently exhibit the local presence of HIV and thus are designated HIV associated or possibly HIV induced lesions: lymphocytic meningitis, vacuolar myelopathy, multifocal vacuolar leukoencephalopathy, and diffuse poliodystrophy. Although these unspecific syndromes may also contribute to clinical manifestations, their pathogenetic relation with HIV remains to be establis

ISSN:1320-5463    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1991.tb01645.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A wide spectrum of infectious agents attack the central nervous system (CNS) of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) itself, infects the CNS of a subgroup of these patients. The mechanism behind why HIV enters the CNS is unclear. We have observed an interesting association between HIV and opportunistic viral infections that may explain why HIV enters the brain. Infection of the CNS by opportunistic agents results in recruitment of latently HIV infected monocytes. Upon differentiation into macrophages these cells produce abundant HIV. Latent HIV‐infection of monocytes/macrophages provides a unique opportunity for cooperativity between opportunistic infections and HIV in mediating CNS damag

ISSN:1320-5463    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1991.tb01646.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The incidence of HIV encephalopathies was determined in an ongoing consecutive autopsy study. Among 345 patients who died from AIDS in Switzerland during 1981–1990, 68 (19%) showed morphological evidence of HIV encephalopathy. Two major histopathological manifestations were observed. Progressive diffuse leukoencephalo‐pathy (PDL) was present in 33 cases and is characterized by a diffuse loss of myelin staining in the deep white matter of the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres, with scattered multinucleated giant cells but little or no inflammatory reaction. Multinucleated giant cell encephalitis (MGCE) was diagnosed in 32 cases; it's hallmarks are accumulations of multinucleated giant cells with prominent inflammatory reaction and focal necroses. In 3 patients both types of lesions overlapped. Brain tissue from 27 patients was analyzed for the presence of HIVgagsequences using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers encoding a 109 base pair segment of the viral gene. Amplification succeeded in all patients with clinical and histopathological evidence for HIV encephalopathy but was absent in AIDS patients with opportunistic bacterial, parasitic and/or viral infections. Potential mechanisms by which HIV exerts it's adverse effects on the human CNS are discus

ISSN:1320-5463    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1991.tb01647.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The neuropathologiesl features of the central nervous system in IS autopsy cases of Japanese male with AIDS were reported. Nine patients had various histological changes including a variety of opportunistic infections in six patients (40%), primary malignant lymphoma of the brain in two (13%), AIDS encephalopathy in four (27%) and vacuolar myelopathy in one (7%). Usually, these pathological changes were present concomitantly. AIDS encephalopathy was characterized by infiltration of mono and multinucleated cells and myelin pallor with astrogliosis located predominantly in the cerebral white matter and subcortical gray matter. Furthermore, unevenly distributed neuronal loss of the cerebral cortex was apparent in one case. Diffuse astrocytosis of the gray matter out of proportion to neuronal loss was also an outstanding finding in another case. The present study suggested that not only the white matter changes but also gray matter alterations might be the morphological substrates of AIDS encephalopathy.

ISSN:1320-5463    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1991.tb01648.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In an autopsy case of a 35 year old Japanese hemophiliac with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), many multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) were observed throughout the central nervous system. Immunohistochemically, MGCs possessed surface and cytoplasmic macrophage antigens expressed in the late stage of differentiation indicating them to be macrophages in the terminal stage of differentiation. Fine nuclear extensions connecting one nucleus (or lobe) to another were often observed in the MGCs. This feature was interpreted as multilobulation and considered to be a morphological characteristic of MGCs in AIDS encephalopathy. Similarity between MGCs in AIDS encephalopathy and highly lobulated lymphocytes in adult T cell leukemia is discussed.

ISSN:1320-5463    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1991.tb01649.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In order to investigate superoxide production by pulmonary macrophages in the rat, a route was created by ligating both the inferior and superior venae cavae and resecting the aorta after cannulation through the inferior vena cava into the right atrium of the heart. Lung perfusion was performed via this route with nitro blue tetrazolium. Although there was no formazan deposition throughout the lung, it became detectable in both alveolar and interstitial macrophages when phorbol myristate acetate was added to the perfusate. This deposition was markedly enhanced by previous injection ofCorynebacterium parvum.The deposition disappeared after further addition of Cu(Lys)2, a scavenger of superoxide anions. This procedure may be useful for estimatingin situthe ability of pulmonary macrophages to produce superoxide in the rat.

ISSN:1320-5463    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1991.tb01650.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Male mice are much more susceptible than female mice to acute renal proximal tubular necrosis as well as the carcinogenic effect induced by an iron chelate, ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe‐NTA). In the present study, iron‐promoted lipid peroxidation was analyzed histochemically in frozen kidney sections using cold Schiffs reagent and biochemically by measuring thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance in the kidney. When untreated mouse frozen kidney sections were exposed to ascorbic acid‐Fe‐NTA (0.8 mM, 0.2 mM and 0.4 mM)in vitrofor 40 min and washed, diffuse Schiff positivity was obtained along the proximal tubules, and no sex differences were evident. When non‐reduced Fe‐NTA (0.2 mM and 0.4 mM) was layered on untreated kidney sections from males, about half of the cortical proximal tubules showed a positive reaction with Schiffs reagent, whereas in females the proximal tubules of the outer stripe of the outer medulla were positive. In an exvivostudy, 30 to 40 min after i.p. injection of Fe‐NTA (5 mg Fe/kg), Schiff‐positive areas corresponded to those observed in thein vitronon‐reduced Fe‐NTA study in each sex. However, in males, the positive tubular cells gradually became necrotic, whereas in females the positivity disappeared with time and there was no tubular necrosis. Results of the thiobarbituric acid test were correlated with the above findings. In conclusion, the localization and severity of FeNTA induced lipid peroxidation in the tubules differed between the sexes. We suspect that these results reflect functional heterogeneity in the ability of the t

ISSN:1320-5463    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1991.tb01651.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

One hundred twenty‐nine cases of breast carcinoma were examined in order to clarify the occurrence of lobular involvement with regard to stromal invasion. Lobular involvement was clearly recognized in 56 cases (43%) having discernible portions of intraductal carcinoma components. The process of lobular involvement was first recognizable as an extension of a few carcinoma cells from intralobular ducts into the acinar lumina. Progressive accumulation of the carcinoma cells resulted in marked swelling and distortion of the involved lobules. During the process, perilobular myoepithelial cells (actin positive cells) were stretched and disappeared. Subsequently, breaks in the basement membranes were also observed, resulting in stromal invasion of carcinoma cells. The lobular involvement was classified into common and round varieties, possibly reflecting different growth activities of the carcinoma cells. The stromal invasion was initiated by peripheral budding or focal necrosis of the involved lobules. The latter pattern was often observed in comedo carcinoma. It was thus revealed that in breast carcinomas the terminal ductal‐lobular units are quite often involved and can become sites of extraductal invas

ISSN:1320-5463    

DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1991.tb01652.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY