摘要:

Idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a histologic diagnosis that usually presents as the nephrotic syndrome but, unlike minimal change disease, often leads to renal failure in children. Standard therapies used to treat the proteinuria are often futile, and thus patients are at risk for the multiple complications resulting from persistent, severe proteinuria. Eventually, end-stage renal failure ensues, and the possibility of the disease recurring in the transplanted renal allograft is worrisome. This report reviews the clinical features and outcomes of idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children, the response to newer treatment options, and new insights into understanding what factors may be involved in causing the disorder.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In this review, a survey is given of genetic renal diseases in which recent progress has been made regarding the study of their molecular genetics. Diseases in which the responsible gene has been identified are discussed first, followed by a description of diseases in which successful chromosomal mapping has been achieved. The recent progress in this field will lead to advances in the diagnosis and understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of genetic renal diseases and, potentially, will have implications for therapeutic interventions. The International Studies of Genetic Renal Diseases, which promotes the study of genetic renal disease, has recently provided an international database called kidbase, which is accessible via the Internet.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The term therapeutic orphan was coined in 1968 to describe the exclusion of infants and children from approved indications for use of the majority of drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Although the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act were designed to insure the efficacy and safety of drugs approved for human use, infants and children have largely been excluded from the protection of the law. Approximately 80% of the drugs approved by the FDA during the past 30 years have been approved with a labeling disclaimer for use by children. This high percentage is due largely to the lack of studies in children to document safety and efficacy or a failure to use available data to amend labeling to include pediatric indications. Recently, several initiatives by the FDA and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development have been implemented that promise to increase the number of drugs studied and labeled for children. These initiatives may introduce a new era of drug development for children in which pediatric investigators, the FDA, the National Institutes of Health, and the pharmaceutical industry join together to bring the same level of pharmacotherapeutic safety and efficacy to children that adult patients enjoy.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Depression can interfere with the overall functioning of children and adolescents. It can impair normal cognitive and social development. The use of antidepressant medications in children and adolescents has grown in the past decade. Newer antidepressant agents, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, appear very promising, but their safety and efficacy have not been established for children. This review focuses on depression and the design of studies for its treatment with newer antidepressant drugs in children.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Ifosfamide and cisplatin are two commonly used cancer chemotherapeutic agents associated with significant acute and chronic renal toxicity. The clinical characteristics of ifosfamide-induced renal injury are proximal tubular wasting of glucose, phosphate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, and amino acids; proteinuria; and decreased glomerular filtration rate. Cisplatin administration may result in a dose-dependent reduction of glomerular filtration rate, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, and polyuria. The characteristics of renal toxicity associated with each of these agents are discussed with attention to possible mechanisms of injury and long-term clinical outcome.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Therapy of pediatric AIDS utilizes antiretroviral compounds; antibiotic, antifungal, and antiparasitic agents; and both active and passive immunization in a multifactorial approach. Currently, newly diagnosed pediatric AIDS cases are acquired predominately through vertical transmission from HIV-infected mothers. Pediatric AIDS research is focused on strategies to prevent vertical transmission of HIV infection as well as therapy against opportunistic and progressive HIV disease. Zidovudine remains first-choice therapy for HIV infection and can reduce the rate of vertical transmission of HIV. Didanosine is also approved to treat HIV infection in pediatric AIDS. Other reverse transcriptase inhibitors are under investigation as alternative or combination therapies because of HIV resistance to zidovudine and didanosine. Alternative therapies for opportunistic infections are being investigated. Passive immunity with intravenous immunoglobulin is being reevaluated to determine efficacy in combination with other therapies. Finally, vaccination against usual childhood diseases with standard immunization schedules produces limited immunity, and alternative vaccination protocols warrant further investigation.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Over the past two decades, pharmacokinetic data have clearly demonstrated that development can markedly influence the absorption, distribution, excretion, and -metabolism of xenobiotics. With respect to many of the processes that govern drug metabolism, the underlying pharmacogenetic determinants that may control either the affinity or the capacity of a drug or toxicant substrate for the enzymes responsible for its biotransformation appear to be altered as a function of development by mechanisms that are, for the most part, not well defined. Nonetheless, for many xenobiotics, the pharmacogenetic-developmental interface produces a “pattern” for drug metabolism that, when characterized, supports the pharmacokinetic properties (eg, drug clearance) reported for many agents across the pediatric age spectrum. With the exception of a few relatively well-characterized adverse drug effects (eg, toxicity of 6-mercaptopurine in patients with absent thiopurine methyltransferase activity, increased incidence of hepatotoxicity to valproic acid in young infants), the relationship of development and pharmacogenetics to enhanced toxicity risk from xenobiotic exposure is poorly defined. However, failure to adequately appreciate the pharmacokinetic consequences of the pharmacogenetic-developmental interface and to individualize therapy accordingly may lead to a clinically significant risk of drug therapy, namely, over- or underdosing.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

A review of recent literature helps to clarify normal variations in the physical examination of children who are thought to have been sexually abused. In many instances, no abnormal physical findings are discovered. Clinicians must continue to pay careful attention to the history and work with other professionals to implement appropriate management, despite the lack of physical findings. Guidelines for evaluating sudden and unexpected infant deaths are reviewed. The current recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics for infant sleep positions are discussed in light of epidemiologic studies in the United States and other countries. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder appears to respond best to a combination of stimulant medication, parent training in coping with behavior of affected children, and social skill training for the affected children themselves. A review of recent research failed to reach consistent correlations between resistance to thyroid hormone and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1995

数据来源: OVID