ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Adolescents are the age group at greatest risk for acquiring sexually transmitted diseases. Sexually transmitted disease intervention programs based on behavioral change theories that emphasize self-efficacy and motivational enhancement may provide adolescents with skills to change risk behavior patterns. School-based sexually transmitted disease programs can reach the majority of the at-risk adolescent population. Community-based programs attempt to change community norms for a targeted high-risk population and are particularly helpful in reaching adolescents who are not in school. Finally, clinic-based interventions serve adolescents seeking health care, not only encouraging abstinence and safer sex practices for prevention of sexually transmitted disease but also providing opportunities for early detection and treatment. All three have their advantages, but each may neglect a significant portion of the population at risk. Development of structured sexually transmitted disease intervention programs utilizing school, community, and clinic settings merits further study. Curr Opin Pediatr 1999, 11287–291 C 1999 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The “win at all costs” mentality is becoming increasingly common in youth sports, and young athletes are often looking for methods to improve sports performance and avoid injury. As organized sports participation continues to increase among American adolescents, questions related to sports medicine are more frequently encountered in the pediatric and adolescent office setting. Concerned with the improvement of athletic performance and the prevention of injury, adolescents are turning to strength training to help improve bone density and muscle strength. These efforts should be encouraged if the strength program is properly designed and supervised. Another topic of concern to many adolescents is nutritional supplement use. Products known as ergogenic aids are designed to chemically improve sports performance and are currently being used by many adolescent athletes. Of these products, nutritional supplements are presented as a natural and safe method of improving athletic ability. None of these products has been tested in or approved for use in pediatric or adolescent subjects. Recommendations regarding the use of these products should be approached with a significant amount of trepidation in the pediatric and adolescent health communities.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Obesity is arguably the most important medical problem in America today. About 25% of children are considered either overweight or obese, according to newly established national criteria. These teenagers are at significant risk for becoming obese adults, and adolescent obesity predisposes to a range of short- and long-term medical, and psychosocial problems. Despite the enormous medical and economic implications of obesity, effective prevention and treatment strategies are lacking. This review summarizes the epidemiology, evaluation, and management of adolescent obesity, focusing on promising treatment strategies for the future.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Millions of children are exposed to traumatic experiences each year. Over 30% of these children develop a clinical syndrome with emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, and physical symptoms called posttraumatic stress disorder. The symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder fall into three clusters: reen-actment of the traumatic event: avoidance of cues associated with the event or general withdrawal; and physiological hyper-reactivity. Significant physical and medical problems in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood appear to be related to childhood trauma. Current treatment approaches include postacute psychoeducation, individual psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Despite increasing attention over the past 10 years, childhood post-traumatic stress disorder remains an understudied public health problem.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Bipolar disorder is an affective or mood disorder that affects children and adolescents as well as adults. Originally thought to be rare in childhood, this disorder is now diagnosed even in the prepubertal age group. With pediatricians providing health care for the majority of children and adolescents, these physicians will see the children early in their presentation with affective disorder. This review focuses on the early recognition of children with bipolar disorder or children who are at increased risk of developing mania. Early recognition can lead to early treatment and reduce both short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. This review covers the definition, epidemiology, presentation and differential diagnosis, comorbid diagnoses, precipttants, risk factors, treatment, and outcome.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Meta-analytic studies demonstrate that psychotherapy works. This paper reviews the methodotogic challenges that slow the research needed to explain what works, how, and for whom. The definition of psychotherapy is addressed briefly. Recognizing both the accomplishments and limitations of the recent focus on efficacy studies of highly specified therapies, researchers are turning to examining the effectiveness of psychotherapies. Effectiveness research examines issues of feasibility, ease in generalizing, and costs versus benefits. Research designers are interested in both moderators and mediators of treatment effect. Developmental theory and developmental psychopathology provide valuable focuses for research design. The paucity of research on process, on psychodynamic psychotherapies, and on combined treatments is noted. The paper concludes with a summary of recent psychotherapy research in several specific categories: prevention, autism, anxiety disorders, disruptive disorders, and depression.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Dietary deficiency of vitamin D, genetic disorders of its bioacti-vation to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], or disorders of vitamin D action can cause rickets. The rate-limiting, hormonally-regulated, biologically activating step in the synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D is the 1α-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin 0, which occurs in kidney and other tissues and is mediated by a mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzyme, P450c 1α After many years of effort, the cDNA and gene for this enzyme were cloned in late 1997. Mutations in the P450c 1α gene, located on chromosome 12, cause 1 α-hydroxylase deficiency, also known as vitamin D-dependent rickets type I, an autosomal recessive disease characterized by rickets and impaired growth due to failure of renal synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D. X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, a dominantly inherited disease, is caused by mutations in the PHEX gene, whose function in regulating renal phosphate and vitamin D metabolism remains to be elucidated.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID