ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The respiratory tract is exposed continuously to noxious agents, microbial organisms, particles, and allergens. It has therefore evolved both innate and specific defense mechanisms. The innate host defense mechanisms include components such as collectins, β-defensins, lactoferrin, and complement, all of which have an important role in modulating the immune response. Immune protection of the lungs by specific antibody is reviewed. The airways are protected by alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, and their origins, regulation, functions, and antimicrobial activity are summarized. Antimicrobial peptides and immune-modulating peptides are likely to have a significant therapeutic role for infection and inflammation in the respiratory tract.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Pediatric thoracic vascular abnormalities include many anatomic variants and pathologic conditions. Although some vascular variants are inconsequential and are discovered incidentally on imaging studies, several anomalies have profound effects on the airway and pulmonary parenchyma. Imaging plays a key role in evaluating the chest and its vasculature. The chest radiograph is usually the first screening study performed during the course of evaluation for a vascular abnormality. Cross-sectional imaging with CT and magnetic resonance imaging provides precise anatomic information and has in most cases replaced invasive diagnostic angiographic procedures. We describe common thoracic vascular abnormalities that occur in children and the imaging techniques currently used in their evaluation.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Chronic neuromuscular diseases affect the respiratory muscles in varying patterns and degrees. As a result, patients with these disorders develop restrictive pulmonary disease, ineffective cough, atelectasis and pneumonia, and chronic respiratory insufficiency leading to respiratory failure. Therapeutic strategies are evolving to augment cough and airway clearance, improve lung volumes, and support the patient with progressive ventilatory failure. These techniques have improved longevity and quality of life for many patients with neuromuscular disease.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Sleep-disordered breathing, particularly the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, is common during childhood. Complications include neurocognitive deficits, growth failure, and pulmonary hypertension. Nevertheless, sleep-disordered breathing is often unrecognized in children. New syndromes, such as the upper airway resistance syndrome, have recently been described. Polysomnography is invaluable for the evaluation of sleep-disordered breathing. Advances in diagnosis and management can alleviate much of the morbidity previously associated with sleep-related respiratory disorders.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Edema, both in its cellular and tissue form, is a frequent complication in critically ill patients. In health, a balance is struck between intracellular and extracellular osmotic forces and interstitial and intravascular oncotic forces, which in turn governs fluid distribution between the intracellular, extracellular and interstitial fluid compartments. The use of hypo-and hypernotic electrolyte solutions has major effects on brain cells, which can be detrimental or beneficial. The controversy over the use of colloids versus crystalloid solutions in critically ill patients remains unresolved.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Of utmost importance in the practice of neurological critical care is the treatment of cerebral edema, when possible, and the control of life-threatening seizures. In this regard, severe traumatic head injury and refractory status epilepticus are useful clinical therapeutic paradigms. Evidence-based treatment established for these conditions has, by necessity, a wider application to other much less frequent causes of coma and acute neurological illness managed in the intensive therapy unit. Therefore, this review of pediatric neurocritical care literature in 1999 highlights central clinical reports of the medical management of severe traumatic brain injury, the benzodiazepines used in the treatment of status epilepticus, and the emerging or recently appreciated encephalopathies occurring in children.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Acute respiratory failure is the most common problem seen in the preterm and term infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units. In preterm infants, the most common cause of acute respiratory failure is respiratory distress syndrome caused by surfactant deficiency. Acute respiratory failure in term and near term infants is usually a result of meconium aspiration syndrome, sepsis, pulmonary hypoplasia, and primary pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. The response to various methods of treatment may vary, depending on the severity of respiratory failure and the cause of the acute respiratory failure. We reviewed the evidence for efficacy and current utilization of newer treatment modalities, including exogenous surfactant administration, high frequency ventilation, inhaled nitric oxide therapy, antenatal steroids for the prevention of respiratory distress syndrome, and use of postnatal steroids for the prevention of chronic lung disease.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID