ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Adolescent pregnancy challenges the United States and Europe. For most sexually active adolescents, pregnancy is unintended. Emergency contraception, also called the “morning-after treatment” or postcoital contraception is a way to prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse. In February 1997, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of certain oral contraceptive pills for emergency contraception. There are currently six brands of pills marketed in the United States that can be prescribed to conform to the FDA-approved regimen. When emergency contraceptive pills are initiated within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse, they reduce the risk of pregnancy by 75%. Contraindications are the same as those used for ongoing contraceptive pills. The most common side effects are nausea, vomiting, menstrual disturbances, breast tenderness, abdominal cramping, dizziness, headache, and mood changes. Routinely counseling all adolescents about emergency contraceptive pills and increasing access to them can give adolescents a second chance at preventing pregnancy

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Teen pregnancy is a multifaceted problem closely connected to economic, education, social, cultural, and political factors. Adolescents in the United States have the highest pregnancy rates in the Western world. Teen parenthood is associated with discontinued or delayed education, reduced employment opportunities, low wages, unstable marriages, and prolonged welfare dependency. Prevention of teen pregnancy has become an important national agenda. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review of teen pregnancy prevention programs and strategies and to highlight some of the most promising interventions.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Advances in the development of highly sensitive tests forChlamydia trachomatisoffer new options for screening and testing in adolescents. The availability of nucleic acid amplification technologies may make noninvasive urine testing available for young men and for young women when a gynecologic examination is not otherwise required. Accurate detection of asymptomatic chlamydial disease in a timely, cost-effective, and noninvasive manner as well as development of effective partner treatment strategies remain important challenges. This review provides a clinical update on office-based testing for C.trachomatis,management, and treatment options for the adolescent and young adult population.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Although anxiety is among the most common psychiatric problems faced by children and adolescents, anxiety disorders have been a relatively neglected research topic in comparison to childhood disruptive behavior and depressive disorders. Recent epidemiologic data have brought increasing attention to these impairing disorders. A review of these data is provided, and results from recent studies on the genetics, biology, and treatment of childhood anxiety disorders are integrated with a discussion of directions for future research. The data reviewed here point both to our growing understanding of childhood anxiety and to the need for continued research to address significant shortcomings in our knowledge base.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Disruptive behavior disorders present grave complications to normal childhood development. Their presence is frequently associated with additional psychiatric disorders. The hallmark features of the disruptive behavior disorders range from noncompliance to aggressive hostility toward authorities or peers. Oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are associated with dysfunctional parenting styles and other environmental risks. Temperament and psychobiological mechanisms also play roles in the expression of disruptive behavior. Longitudinal research is providing a means to disentangle etiologic from mediating factors. The origins of developmental pathways to adult maladjustment are apparent in preschool behavior. Unfortunately, nearly all of our assumptions about behavior problems have been based on the study of boys. While many social outcomes for disruptive girls and boys are similar, pregnancy and parenting present a distinct challenge to the adolescent mother, to her children, and to society at large

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This article reviews juvenile onset bipolar disorder with regard to history, diagnosis, comorbidity, differential diagnosis, prevalence, etiology, treatment, and outcome. Specifically, it deals with past and current diagnostic criteria for juvenile onset bipolar disorder, the controversy around its comorbidity with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and how to differentiate it from ADHD, conduct disorder, drug and alcohol abuse, and schizophrenia. Genetic and neuroimaging studies investigating the possible etiology of this condition are also described. Treatment, both pharmacological (eg, lithium, neuroleptics, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, antidepressants) and psychosocial (eg, psychoeducation of child and family, school intervention, family, group and/or individual therapy) are outlined. Finally, long-term outcome and factors which may influence outcome are addressed.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of child psychiatric disorders. As in adult psychiatry, progress in this area has been slow. First, it now appears clearer than ever that the “one gene, one disease” model is inappropriate for the vast majority of psychiatric disorders. Second, considerable resources are still being devoted to the search for genes, done using linkage and association models, together with twin and adoption studies, on the basis of case recognition according to conventional disease classification. Recent progress with conventionally specified disorders is reviewed and contrasted with the remarkable advances being made in the identification of the genetic basis of key cognitive processes through the power of modern molecular genetic techniques. Child psychiatric genetics could profit from a new focus on the search for the genetic processes underlying specific cognitive functions that, in turn, underpin child psychiatric disorders, especially those that are neuro developmental in origin.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Knowledge about the spectrum of autistic disorders, including Asperger's syndrome, has grown significantly. Diagnoses can be made more reliably and there is better characterization of elements within the spectrum than ever before. A clearer picture of the cognitive limitations displayed by persons with conditions in the autistic spectrum is emerging. Deficits in manipulating abstract meanings, translating principles across contexts, and attending to contextual meanings can be seen in lower and higher functioning individuals. Links between “executive function,” “theory of mind,” and findings from functional imaging are becoming apparent. There are consistent indications that frontal and temporal regions play a crucial role in these disorders. Associations with specific genetic defects has been suggested, but methods capable of discovering the complex interplay of several genes will be needed before generalized conclusions can be reached.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Psychosocial dysfunction in dermatologic disorders is more frequent than commonly recognized. This review discusses skin changes that may suggest a psychological problem and a screening survey (the Pediatric Symptom Checklist) that facilitates office assessment of the degree of psychosocial dysfunction present.

ISSN:1040-8703    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1997

数据来源: OVID