摘要:

Previously published analytical procedures by which drinking water, human blood serum, and adipose tissue may be analyzed for trace amounts of organochlorine pesticides have been modified to permit use of smaller samples. Data on percent recovery, detector sensitivity, and limit of detectability have been collected for each of the three reported procedures. The methodology has been applied to 59 blood samples, 20 drinking water samples, and 10 necropsy adipose tissue samples. Only hexachlorobenzene and dieldrin were detected in water. Hexachlorobenzene, (β‐hexachlorocyclohexane, dieldrin, p,p´‐DDE, and p,p´‐DDT were present in blood. No heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, oxychlordane,trans‐nonachlor, or o,p´‐DDT was found. In fat, the compounds present in blood plus oxychlordane, heptachlor epoxide, andtrans‐nonochlor were detected. No heptachlor, aldrin, o,p´‐DDT, or α‐ or γ‐chlordane was present. The reported values are representative of the levels of persistent organochlorine pesticides and pesticide metabolites found in 1978 in white female residents of Dade County, Florida.

ISSN:0098-4108    

DOI:10.1080/15287398109529995

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

O,O,S‐Trimethyl phosphorothioate, an impurity in several technical organophosphorus insecticides, when administered orally to rats at single doses as low as 15 mg/kg caused delayed mortality, with death occurring 4–22 d after treatment. Delayed toxic signs were also observed in mice, but mice were generally less sensitive than rats.O,O,S‐Triethyl phosphorothioate andO,S,S‐trimethyl phosphorodithioate induced the same signs of intoxication at slightly higher doses. Rats treated withO,O,S‐trimethyl phosphorothioate refused food and water within 24 h after treatment and did not eat or drink until the time of death. Neither injection of nutrient solution nor atropine served to reduce or block intoxication. However, the isomericO,O,O‐trimethyl phosphorothioate was a potent antagonist of the toxicity ofO,O,S‐trimethyl phosphorothioate. As little as 1% of theO,O,O‐trimethyl isomer protected rats from the intoxicating effects of theO,O,S‐trimethyl isomer at doses as high as 200 mg/kg. Rat serum carboxylesterase and cholinesterase were inhibited for prolonged periods after a single oral dose ofO,O,S‐trimethyl phosphorothioate, but the duration of inhibition was significantly less when the toxicant contained 1%O,O,O‐trimethyl isomer.

ISSN:0098-4108    

DOI:10.1080/15287398109529996

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Previous work demonstrated the specificity of chlordecone (Kepone) potentiated CCI4hepatotoxicity in rats on the basis of functional, biochemical, and histochemical indices of liver damage. The present study was undertaken to elucidate mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of the selectively potentiated hepatotoxic response to CCI4after dietary exposure to low levels (10 ppm for 15 d) of chlordecone but not its structural analogs mirex and photomirex. On d 15 of pretreatment of male Sprague‐Dawley rats, either selected parameters of hepatic mixed‐function oxidase (MFO) activity were determined or corn oil or CCI4(0.05 ml/kg in corn oll) was injected ip. Biochemical and ultrastructural assessment of liver damage was made 24 h after the injection. When given as the sole agents, photomirex, mirex, and chlordecone significantly increased microsomai pentobarbital hydroxylase and ethylmorphine demethylase activities. Both photomirex and mirex elevated microsomai cytochrome P‐450 content, while only photomirex increased microsomai protein and liver size. Ultrastructural changes in the endoplasmic reticulum were detectable after chlordecone but were more pronounced after photomirex and mirex, indicating good correlation between biochemical and morphological changes. Administration of CCI4to chlordecone‐fed rats resulted in a 38‐fold increase in plasma ornithine carbamoyl‐transferase activity and a 64% decrease in hepatic cytochrome P‐450. This dose did not significantly alter these enzyme activities in other groups. Ultrastructural changes produced by CCI4were extreme in chlordecone‐fed rats. Many hepatocytes were necrotic and others showed lipid accumulation; dilation of endoplasmic reticulum and swelling of mitochondria were prevalent. CCI4alone, photomirex‐CCI4, and mirex‐CCI4produced similar changes in a few hepatocytes, and the low incidence of these structural aberrations were consistent with the biochemical data. These results indicate that the propensity of chlordecone to potentiate CCI4hepatotoxicity cannot be directly associated with some commonly measured indices of hepatic microsomai MFO activity.

ISSN:0098-4108    

DOI:10.1080/15287398109529997

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Carbofuran (CF), an insecticide and nematocide, is metabolically oxidized to two less toxic forms, 3‐hydroxycarbofuran and 3‐ketocarbofuran. TheN‐nitroso derivatives of carbofuran and its metabolites were synthesized by reaction with nitrite under acidic conditions. Products of the reaction were obtained by extraction, identified by thin‐layer chromatography, and purified by silica gel column chromatography. All three nitroso derivatives reacted positively with Gries reagent and gave characteristic triplet absorption spectra (387, 402, and 422 nm). Structural confirmation was by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Mutagenicity was determined by the Ames assay method withSalmonella typhimuriumstrains TA98 and TA100. The nitroso derivatives of all three compounds responded similarly, giving a mutation ratio of 45 at 5 μg per plate on TA100. In addition, all three produced chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Only two of the three (nitroso‐carbofuran and 3‐hydroxynitrosocarbofuran) were also capable of inducing large numbers of sister chromatid exchanges in the same cells. Observed variations in maximum mutagenicity in the Ames test and the ability to induce sister chromatid exchanges in CHO cells arc consistent with the stability of the compounds in aqueous solution.

ISSN:0098-4108    

DOI:10.1080/15287398109529998

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In rats, a single oral dose of 30 mg or 1 g thiram per kilogram produced a significant prolongation of the hexobarbital sleeping time or zoxazolamine paralysis time, respectively, a depression of hepatic microsomalO‐demethylotion ofp‐nitroanisole top‐nitrophenol, and a decrease in the microsomal cytochrome P‐450 content. In addition, incorporation of14C activity from glucose, glycerol, and palmitic acid into phospholipids (PLs) decreased in most of the components, showing a compensatory increase in only a few of them. Fatty acid (FA) concentrations, in phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) molecules were increased or decreased from one FA class to the other. This alteration of the FA concentrations in PC and PE, respectively, was virtually exclusively in position 2 of the two PL molecules. The total content of saturated FAs in PC and PE was significantly decreased only after 1 g/kg thiram; this was associated with an increase in total unsaturated FAs. The multiple changes in the bioformation and composition of microsomal membrane PLs suggest a disturbance of the monooxygenase system. It is conceivable that there is an interrelationship between the observed impairment and the inhibitory effect of thiram on the microsomal monooxygenases (MMs).

ISSN:0098-4108    

DOI:10.1080/15287398109529999

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The interaction of dietary Cd and Zn with Cu, Hg, and Ag in relation to tissue metallothionein (MT) was studied with rats. Dietary Cd was found to increase the deposition of Cu and Ag in liver and kidney MT. Cd also caused accumulation of Hg in liver MT but depletion of Hg in kidney MT. In contrast to Cd, high dietary levels of Zn had no influence on the deposition of these metals in MT when they were included in the diet. When Zn was fed in the diet and Cu, Cd, Hg, and Ag were injected into rats, Zn caused increased deposition of these metals in MT, suggesting an interaction at the intestinal level. Hg and Cd were distributed between the two species of MT, but Cu was found predominantly in one of the MT species. Evidence was obtained that Ag was bound to a different MT species than Hg, Cu, or Cd when included in the diet containing Cd.

ISSN:0098-4108    

DOI:10.1080/15287398109530000

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Membrane Na+,K+‐adenosinetriphosphatase in erythrocytes from three groups of industrially exposed Pb workers (without toxicity, with toxicity associated with high blood Pb levels, and with toxicity associated with low blood Pb levels) was inversely correlated with Pb in the membrane fraction but not significantly correlated with total erythrocyte Pb. This difference was attributable to the proportion of erythrocyte Pb bound to hemoglobin and a Pb‐binding protein of molecular weight 10,000.

ISSN:0098-4108    

DOI:10.1080/15287398109530001

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The anorectic drugs cloforex, at 3, 25, and 75 mg per kilogram of body weight, and chlorphentermine, at 75 mg/kg, were administered daily by gavage to adult male white rats for up to 6 wk to study their induction and reversal of pulmonary lipid histiocytosis. Systemic lipidosis, pulmonary hypertension, hematologic effects, and anorectic properties were also evaluated. Rats given 75 mg/kg cloforex or chlorphentermine showed hair loss and agitation; both weight gain and food consumption were suppressed, but these suppressive effects disappeared rapidly when the drugs were stopped. Cloforex at 25 mg/kg inhibited food consumption but not weight gain. These results confirm that the rat is highly resistant to the anorectic effects of these drugs.

ISSN:0098-4108    

DOI:10.1080/15287398109530002

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Metaphase analysis, the micronucleus test, and the dominant lethal assay were performed in rodents with cyclophosphamide. The variance in the results indicated that use of binomial statistics (or the Poisson or normal approximations of this distribution) would be inappropriate for determination of significance. This conclusion was reinforced by finding that negative binomial distributions best explained certain aspects of the data, as well as being theoretically more likely. Because there was no simple significance test based on negative binomial statistics and there was some doubt about the distributional form, a distribution‐free significance test seemed most appropriate. Thus a one‐sided Kolmogorov‐Smirnov two‐sample test was used. Although both the dominant lethal assay and metaphase analysis proved superior to the micronucleus test in terms of degree of response, this advantage was more than offset by the lesser difficulties and greater number of cells that could be analyzed in the micronucleus assay.

ISSN:0098-4108    

DOI:10.1080/15287398109530003

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Cefazolin given sc to male rats in daily doses of 0.5–2 g per kilogram of body weight significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase activity in serum, liver, kidney, heart, and brain 2–4 wk from the beginning of the treatment. Serum aspartate aminotransferase was also reduced, but serum alkaline phosphatase and tissue pyruvate decarboxylase activities remained unaltered. In female rates, daily sc administration of cefazoline at 0.1–1 g/kg also brought about a dose‐related reduction of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities, which reached statistical significance at high dose levels. The effect of cefazolin at low concentrations was partly reversed by administration of pyridoxalin vivo. Paradoxically, at higher dose levels pyridoxal potentiated the action of cefazolin on serum aminotransferases. The low enzyme activities were elevated by subsequent addition of pyridoxal 5´‐phosphate in vitro. Similar results were obtained when rats were treated with isoniazid at daily oral doses of 20 mg/kg; administration of pyridoxal completely restored alanine aminotransferase activity to the normal level within 2 wk. Cefazolin was metabolized in vivo, resulting in some metabolites that probably possessed a hydrazine group, since positive reactions were obtained withp‐dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and Fast Blue B salt. The potentiation of decreased aminotransferase activity by pyridoxal indicated, however, some dissimilarity in the effect between isoniazid and cefazolin.

ISSN:0098-4108    

DOI:10.1080/15287398109530004

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1981

数据来源: Taylor