ISSN:0262-6667    

DOI:10.1080/02626669909492247

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper addresses the water resources management problems in China. Considering the pressure of increasing population, present barriers to alleviation of floods, droughts and water environmental problems have been carefully analysed from the Chinese practical background. The discussions involve water resources and problems in managing water supply and demand in China. Due to very uneven distribution of precipitation in space and time, China frequently suffers from floods and droughts. But the coincidence of the rainy season with the warm season is favourable to crop production and thus results in high population density in the eastern part of China. In order to avert disastrous consequences of hydrological extremes—floods and droughts now and in the future—studying sustainable development of water resources in China is an imperative. Based on results of such studies, existing barriers to sustainable development of water resources have to be removed. A number of feasible measures adaptable to the specific conditions of China are proposed. A step-by-step strategy is suggested to keep abreast of the changes of the objective circumstances, and to provide for public consensus.

ISSN:0262-6667    

DOI:10.1080/02626669909492248

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

To develop a sustainable management system of any water resource, it is essential that a balance between the demand of the natural biophysical system and the need of the socio-economic development is achieved. The main challenge that water managers grapple with is how to reconcile the long-term environmental objectives with the short-term political, social and economic needs. Since the biophysical resources underwrite all socio-economic activities, it is imperative that the long-term health of surface water and groundwater systems be the primary driver for sustainable management of water resources. If the environmental need to sustain the ecological values of water is overlooked, then serious water quality problems will arise and the natural aquatic ecosystem will deteriorate to a level such that both social and economic developments become unsustainable. Case studies on water quality and recent water reform initiatives in Australia are discussed in this paper to demonstrate the paramount importance of the biophysical system for sustainable water resources management.

ISSN:0262-6667    

DOI:10.1080/02626669909492249

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

An investigation of barriers to a more sustainable management of the available water resources in a Zimbabwean catchment has been conducted. Currently (spring 1997), the water resources of Zimbabwe are managed according to the 1976 Water Act. Two types of barrier have been identified: those directly related to the Water Act and others related to the traditional perception of water resources in Zimbabwe. Barriers related to the Water Act include the existing water right system, a highly centralized system of decision making, and a non-participatory system. Other barriers are the price of water, lack of information (both water resources system data and socio-economic data), lack of drought planning, and little or no environmental concern.

ISSN:0262-6667    

DOI:10.1080/02626669909492250

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Predicted climate change over the coming decades is likely to add measurable stress to water resources in many regions of the world, including some areas that are currently well endowed. The stresses are likely to involve changes in the frequency of extreme events as well as gradual changes in mean annual net resources. The paper analyses these predictions. It also attempts to place them in context, first, comparing their impact with other major barriers to sustainability, such as increasing demand, wastage, poor water resources assessment and international conflict, and, secondly, considering the limitations of current predictive techniques.

ISSN:0262-6667    

DOI:10.1080/02626669909492251

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

There has been much recent emphasis on sustainable development of water resources in that the needs of the present generation are fulfilled without compromising future generations to meet their needs. Also, systems of flood protection and management are being increasingly considered in the context of sustainable development. Destructive floods have jeopardized settlements located near rivers since the dawn of human history. Now, the global flood losses have grown worldwide to the level of billions of US dollars per year. The issue of climate variability and change and the possibility of their adverse impacts on the severity and frequency of flooding, introduces an additional uncertainty to difficult sustainability issues. There are several examples of technical infrastructure related to flood protection, which are being criticized in the context of sustainable development because they close options for future generations and introduce unacceptable disturbances in ecosystems. Large structural flood defences like dams, storage reservoirs and embankments are often listed in this category. The means of coping with floods are looked at in the sustainability context. A change of paradigm is needed, as a flood protection system guaranteeing complete safety is an illusion. It is necessary to be aware of the possibility of floods, that is the attitude: “living with floods” seems more sustainable than a hopeless striving to “combat floods”.

ISSN:0262-6667    

DOI:10.1080/02626669909492252

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Based on the characteristics of the Yangtze River floods and the principles of fuzzy sets theory, a fuzzy optimal model has been established for the flood system of the upper and middle reaches of this river. The system is divided into three subsystems with specific flood control objectives. The Three-Gorges Reservoir plays an important role in the system. A method for producing flood operation alternatives of the Three-Gorges Reservoir is presented. Finally, the model is validated with three typical historical floods. The results show that the model is effective and flexible.

ISSN:0262-6667    

DOI:10.1080/02626669909492253

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Hydrological forecasting can provide the basis for dealing with the conflict between flood control and water use. This paper proposes a flood and sediment forecasting method for rivers by deriving an energy equation which describes the conservation of potential slope, kinetic slope, and friction slope of a river reach. The equation contains an additional term, the rate of change of stage, which has a significant effect on the propagation of flood waves, as compared with the Saint-Venant momentum equation. The energy equation has been found to provide more accurate results in the hydraulic calculation of the Han River, China, than the Saint-Venant momentum equation. Based on this energy equation, an improved diffusive model (IDM) was derived. By modelling the flood process for the Yellow River, China, the IDM was compared with the classical diffusive model (CDM) showing that the IDM gives better results. The time series form of IDM with time-variant parameters was used for real-time flood and sediment forecasting of the Yellow River. The recursive ordinary least-squares (ROLS) approach, improved by introducing an effective matrix, was used for on-line identification of parameters.

ISSN:0262-6667    

DOI:10.1080/02626669909492254

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In this study, a hybrid GIS-supported watershed modelling system is developed for integrated planning of water pollution control in the Lake Erhai basin, China. The system comprises a GIS-supported database, simulation/optimization models, and user interfaces developed through Arc/Info and Arc View. An inexactfuzzy multi-objective optimization model is developed for assessing a variety of system objectives and generating desired decision alternatives. It can effectively reflect uncertain, interactive and multi-objective features of the study system, and its solutions provide decision makers with a flexible decision space. The GIS technology is used for managing spatial and non-spatial data, linking models, and providing interfaces between the models and their users. The developed modelling system allows regional planners to obtain desired plans of human activities under a variety of objectives and constraints and to examine consequences and impacts resulting from alternative management practices.

ISSN:0262-6667    

DOI:10.1080/02626669909492255

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

More and more problems with groundwater come from the increasing industrialization and the growing waste problem. The DRASTIC model has been used as a valuable tool in many parts of the world for assessing the vulnerability of groundwater. In the DRASTIC system, however, factors that influence groundwater must be divided into ranges and then be given ratings according to whether or not their values can be directly measured. The system may give the same range and rating to those having obviously different values. As a result, DRASTIC may be unable to actually reflect the difference between factors and hydrogeological settings. In fact, there exists a transition from the easiest to be polluted to the most difficult to be polluted so that vulnerability of groundwater is of a fuzzy nature and therefore fuzzy sets theory can be used to assess the vulnerability of groundwater. In this paper, a multi-objective fuzzy pattern recognition model for assessing the pollution potential of groundwater is presented. It is compared with the DRASTIC model in a case study. It is shown that the fuzzy pattern recognition model can take the fuzziness into account more efficiently in the process of evaluating the vulnerability of groundwater.

ISSN:0262-6667    

DOI:10.1080/02626669909492256

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor