ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1980.25.197.290

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1980

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThis paper documents the development of the survey and mapping of Norway from the early work of the fifteenth century cartographers to the formation of the Norges Grændsers Opmaaling in 1773 (18 years prior to the Ordnance Survey) to the current work of the Geographical Survey of Norway,Norges Geografiske Oppmåling, and other national and commercial bodies. Information is given on the techniques and specifications employed for the national map series from the eighteenth century to the twentieth century.

ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1980.25.197.291

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1980

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe precise methods applied to adjust plane trilateration nets employ least squares techniques. The observation equations or the condition equations in these known methods are, without exception, non-linear. The linearisation is done by using Taylor's expansion and neglecting all second and higher order terms. The coefficients of the corrections in the condition equations methods are lengthy and complicated.This paper presents a new method in which the condition equations are linear and the coefficients of the corrections are simple and can be easily calculated and checked. In this method the measured distances in trilateration nets are considered as elastic members in an internally redundant framework. Known distances between fixed points are treated as very stiff members in the same framework so that their lengths remain unchanged during the process of the adjustment. If the redundant members have fabrication (i.e. measuring) errors, axial forces must be applied to fit them in the framework. As a result axial forces will develop in all other members causing changes in their lengths. By applying minimum work techniques one can determine these changes in length which are in fact the required corrections of the measured distances.

ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1980.25.197.313

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1980

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractA review is made of the termgyroscopic precession, and a more accurate definition is expounded, and it is also shown that a specially controlled angular momentum gyroscope, when operating at speed, will never cease oscillating about the meridian.

ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1980.25.197.327

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1980

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1980.25.197.331

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1980

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe equation of the surface having constant height along the normal to the reference ellipsoid is given and proved.

ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1980.25.197.332

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1980

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1980.25.197.335

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1980

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1980.25.197.i

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1980

数据来源: Taylor