ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1988.29.229.310

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe paper deals with a study commissioned by the Ordnance Survey. The nature of development aid is discussed, and the methodology of the study is described. This involved examining a sample of recent development aid projects in order to identify the inputs to each project from surveying, mapping, land tenure and remote sensing. The principal results of the study include the recognition of indirect and direct inputs to actual development projects; modest data on their costs and the benefits which have accrued; an approach to establishing the significance of the inputs; and guidelines on inputs for overseas governments and development agencies.

ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1988.29.229.311

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe writer provides algorithms, suitable for electronic computers, to obtain Lambert grid coordinates, convergence and scale, from geographical coordinates. The reverse algorithms are supplied, and the relation between the one standard parallel and two standard parallel versions is demonstrated.

ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1988.29.229.323

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractWhen numerical values of a variable are taken at different points in time, the set of observations constitutes a‘time series’.The variation of tides in a port, the temperature at a given place over a period, the barometric pressure over a series of months, which is a major indication of the weather patterns of an area–these are familiar examples of the kind of phenomena which provide series of values at a succession of points of time.Sets of observations of this kind are usually analysed by means of special techniques described as time series analysis. However, the methods of time series analysis are also applicable and appropriate for the analysis of a variablextwhose values depend on the variablet, whethertrelates to time or linear space.This paper regards the discrepancies between the forward and back runs in a line of geodetic levelling as a‘series of events’or time series. It then uses serial correlation, a technique of time series analysis to examine the behaviour of the discrepancies. The conclusion, which is that serial correlation can explain much of the apparent non-randomness in geodetic levelling observations, sets out to open problems which still remain in the theory of error propagation in levelling and quality control of the operations.

ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1988.29.229.338

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThe necessity and procedures for the regular calibration of EDM instruments have been well recorded (e.g. [2], [11], [12]). However, as the potential accuracy of new instruments increases it is important to ensure that the calibration procedures themselves do not degrade the accuracy of the observations and thus the usefulness of the calibration. This paper discusses this problem in general before giving results of various baselines calibrations carried out using the Geomensor CR 204. This instrument, which is produced by Com-Rad Electronic Equipment Ltd, is a very high-precision lightwave EDM, which has been developed following Com-Rad's involvement with the manufacture of the Mekometer ME 3000. However, the Geomensor has been designed with a completely new and unique principle of operation, which has led to a manufacturer's quoted observational accuracy of±(0.1 + 0.5 ppm). The results of the baseline calibrations described herein show that this accuracy is slightly optimistic for observations under field conditions, where atmospheric effects in particular lead to degradation.

ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1988.29.229.351

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractVolume IV, No. 29, of July 1938, included the following extracts from‘The Town Plans’by Brigadier H. St J. L. Winterbotham, describing the‘battle of the scales’and some of its consequences.

ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1988.29.229.357

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1988.29.229.359

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1988.29.229.360

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0039-6265    

DOI:10.1179/sre.1988.29.229.i

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1988

数据来源: Taylor