ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study investigates the sexual self‐efficacy and sexual self‐esteem of males and females and the relation between sexual risk‐taking and these self‐perceptions. Sexually active 18‐year‐olds were administered measures of sexual self‐efficacy and sexual self‐esteem and were asked about their sexual behaviour. Males had higher levels of self‐esteem and were more confident than females of their ability to assert their sexual needs, but less confident that they could say no to sexual demands. For a substantial minority there were some difficulties in dealing with condoms. Competence in the sexual domain accounted for a significant but small amount of variance in sexual risk‐taking. The predictors of sexual risk‐taking were the same for both sexes but differed according to type of partner. Confidence in the ability to say no was the sole predictor of safer sexual behaviour with a casual sex partner. In addition to this factor, lower levels of risk with a regular partner were predicted by these respondents' lower confidence in the ability to assert their sexual needs, together with lower levels of their own sexual self‐worth. There is need for adolescents to achieve a sense of mastery and self‐worth in the sexual domain, as well as an understanding of the nature o

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article reports the results of an empirical investigation of the social representations of AIDS. Social representations are defined as a cognitive product of a social object created by a group and used by it to allow communication among the members of that group, and also to guide responses towards the object of the representations. An initial interview was held in which subjects were asked about the causes of AIDS, affected groups, modes of transmission, preventive behaviour, a Bogardus scale on social contact with high‐risk groups and attitude toward AIDS. Their responses were found to be divided into two clusters of beliefs—the liberal and the conservative—which were established independently of groups. However, the more contact respondents had with homosexuals, the more their representations were in accord with the liberal cluster. We also confirmed the congruent relationship between attitude, structures of knowledge (clusters), groups defined in function of their religious beliefs and level of social contact with high‐risk groups, and social and preventive behaviours. Two weeks later, subjects were given a recognition test on technical information about AIDS (provided at the end of the first interview). The results of these tests confirmed subject's tendency to falsely recognise items which are congruent with their pre‐existing representations. The cluster of conservative beliefs appears to be the best predictor of negativistic bias in memory. These findings are interpreted as confirming the functional and predictive value of social repres

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA total of 822 adolescents (15‐19 years old) took part in this study. A subsample of this group, consisting of respondents with previous sexual experience (n= 423) is central to the analyses in this article. Previous condom use was related to attitudes, subjective norms, self‐efficacy, anticipated affective reactions and habits. Perception of risk, response‐efficacy and some demographic variables were also included in the analyses. Results indicate the necessity to distinguish between groups, both in terms of monogamy and gender. Self‐efficacy had a strong effect on taking precautionary measures, especially for girls. Attitudes, anticipated affective reactions and habits also played an important role in determining the frequency of condom use. Implications of these findings for our understanding of adolescent sexual behaviour, and for campaigns aiming at the reduction of risky sexual practices, will be di

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne aspect of the British public health campaigns in the field of the sexual transmission of HIV/AIDS has encouraged people to ‘get to know their partners’. This article draws on interview material (n= 95) to explore the extent to which such advice is followed amongst young people in relation to first‐ever intercourse. There was very little evidence that attempts are made to assess HIV risk factors in prospective partners, and a number of powerful reasons for not doing so emerged. Time to intercourse since becoming ‘a couple’ was 2 weeks or less for half the sample and within 24 hours for a quarter. Roughly equal proportions of respondents knew their partner's sexual status, assumed their sexual status or knew nothing. Condom use was more frequent amongst older females who progressed to intercourse later in relationships. The implications of the results for HIV/AIDS interventions are discussed, as well as some problems with health belief models based on notions of rational decisi

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractReactions of health care workers to AIDS and its patients were investigated in a survey conducted in state health care institutions in different areas of Italy. Results show that health care workers (differently from the general population) do not see themselves as less vulnerable to AIDS risk than the typical citizen. Furthermore, nurses perceive themselves to be exposed to higher risk than doctors. AIDS patients are judged as personally responsible for getting infected, even though ‘intolerant’ reactions towards them are seen as very unlikely. Finally, results show that attribution of responsibility is higher for drug addicts, followed by homosexuals, ‘promiscuous’ heterosexuals and monogamous hetero

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInjecting drug users are now the fastest‐growing group of people with AIDS. It is mainly through sharing contaminated injecting equipment that drug users transmit infection. Research is showing that while many are reducing the risk of infection through ceasing to share needles, or sharing with a limited number of people, there are some who disregard the dangers and continue to share. In a project that investigated the HIV‐related risk behaviour of injecting drug users, homelessness was found to be significantly associated with heavy drug use, recent involvement in crime, disorganization in daily life and high levels of sharing. The problems of promoting harm reduction among the homeless are discussed and some recommendations m

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne of the central messages of recent AIDS health education campaigns has been: ‘You cannot tell who is infected with HIV just by looking.’ But is this understood and accepted by the public? Discussions conducted with 52 different groups suggest that although many people recall and understand this message they do not necessarily totally accept it. They still have a mental image of the likely appearance of someone who is HIV antibody positive. This article explores the social and psychological context which encourages such ways of thinking, and highlights the contradictions between different health education messa

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAIDS‐related stigmatization may come from both social and illness sources. The social stigma comes from the association between HIV‐related illness and stigmatized bheaviour associated with HIV infection, notably homosexuality and IV drug use. The illness stigma comes from the disease itself ‐ the severity and contagiability of the illness. To compare social and illness stigma, 16 versions of ‘Dan’ were presented to 393 undergraduates. Four ways of transmitting HIV (homosexual behavior, IV drug use, blood transfusions, health care workers' contact with infected blood products) were crossed with four different diseases (AIDS, hepatitis, paraplegia and the flu). Dan was highly stigmatized when he was described as a homosexual or an IV drug user, as compared to a transfusion recipient or a health care worker. Also, Dan was strongly stigmatized for AIDS and hepatitis, as compared to paraplegia and the flu. There was no interaction, suggesting that these stigmas are additive, and that homosexuality and IV drug use are not the primary source of AIDS‐stigma. On the health severity index, main effects (for disease state and transmission pathway) emerged, as well as a significant interaction, suggesting that subjects were sensitive to the potential interactions among HIV‐related transmission pathways and o

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper discusses a model to predict intended condom use among a sample of British, 16‐20 year old virgins (n= 571). This group are of interest as they hold attitudes and have beliefs about condoms and their ability to use them that are not based upon experience of condom use. In particular the paper focuses upon intentions to use condoms despite the possible disadvantages that condoms are perceived by some to have (e.g. lost spontaneity, the need to carry them etc.). The resulting model suggests that perceptions of personal control over sexual relationships and the perceived ability to use condoms whatever the situation can predict intentions to use condoms. Where respondents expect not to have control, either over sexual relationships generally or condom use specifically, they are less likely to intend to use condoms. A willingness to take risks as a general trait of individuals also provides additional predictive power in the model. The results are discussed with reference to Bandura's (1989) theory of self‐efficacy and health education pol

ISSN:1052-9284    

DOI:10.1002/casp.2450010211

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY