摘要:

AbstractA review of activities in system sciences in India and their applications in various problems of real life has been given in this paper. Since India's independence in 1947, there has been an emphasis on systems thinking in formulating national plans. Yet systems and cybernetics have not made sufficient penetration in academic activities. The work of a few model organizations has been mentioned.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850070401

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFirstly, we study dynamical processes in a hierarchically organized set of interacting elements. We study inter‐levels couplings which can be of two types, bottom‐top and top‐bottom. We apply this general method to coupled individual and population dynamics in Ecology. We realize computer simulations of this example. The coupling between the two levels gives birth to nonlinear effects. Secondly, we study thermodynamical aspects and we show that the entropy of a hierarchically organized system is the sum of entropies associated to each of the hierarchical levels. We consider ensembles with equiprobable and non equiprobable states. These states probabilities are calculated from the transition graph of the dynamical model. In this way, we relate thermodynamical models of hierarchically organized systems to dynamical models. Then, we calculate the entropy variation resulting from a change in the transition graph of the dynamical model. We show that the entropy of a hierarchically organized system can be larger than the entropy of a non hierarchical s

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850070402

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper examines issues of ethics related to the application of the self‐organization paradigm to human systems. The argument is presented that, while self‐organizing processes may be vital to effectively managing social organizations within periods of turbulence and uncertainty, extreme caution is necessary in actions that are taken to initiate or amplify self‐organization processes in human systems Drawing upon Jantsch's original formulation of the self‐organization paradigm, indications arc provided of ways of attaining the benefits and minimizing the dangers related to self‐organization, by insuring that self‐organization processes contribute simultaneously to resource now and distribution, autonomy and to a sense of meaningfulness and connectedness among individuals and organizations in society. Using a Jungian perspective, the importance to self‐organization of individual reflection and access to the unconscious

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850070403

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStructural analysis of the system is important from various points of view. Structural analysis provides an opportunity for a thorough presentation of the system under study and reduces the complexities of the system in simple understandable language. Structural analysis can be used in decision making for achieving the desired objectives and in forecasting. Identification of key variables which could influence the future dimensions is necessary to evolve appropriate policies and strategies.The paper presents the methodology for identification of key variables based on direct as well as indirect inter‐relationships which, often, may not be clearly visible. Classification of the variables in different types of roles being played by each one is also presented by using the driver‐dependence matrix. The successful application of methodology has then been demonstrated in a case study for energy conservation in the Indian cement indus

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850070404

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper is an attempt to apply the principles and concepts of physical system theory to model multi‐level hierarchical organizational systems. The modelling can be carried out for both the official organizational system and the operating or problem‐solving organizational system derived from task processes. The graph theoretic approach is used to model authority‐responsibility relationships existing in the organizational network. A manager at any level is conceptualized as a multiterminal component interacting between the superior and subordinates, representing each interaction as a two‐terminal component. The unit authority across two levels is different and hence taken as an ‘across variable’ while the responsibility, which flows through the organization, is taken as a ‘through variable’. An operational and pragmatic concept is provided to measure the authority and responsibility based on facts as well as opinion. The analysis has been carried out for a hypothetical illustrative organizational system with three levels. The model may prove to be of help in analysing the inconsistencies in authority‐responsibility relationships which can be used for improving the orga

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850070405

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper applies systems and metasystems theory to urban landscape management and urban design, to move beyond the object‐level of design style to the meta‐level of paradigms, professional epistemologies, and urban ecological, physiological and psychological health. It explores: The city as incrementally designed system; the landscape and contemporary architecture as different system types; urban planning and design for placeness and sustainability; natural and human system carrying capacity, urban growth, and system health; external and internal contexts; and hard and soft implementation issues. It speaks for: An urban management hierarchy of meta‐systems, systems and project designers; the management of physical and cultural systems for human experience; and the synergism of human, structural, infrastructural and ecological systems for environmental and human health. It explores the role of design facilitators, and modified innovation‐intervention techniques used to manage healthy, innovative, responsive, sustainable and meaningful urban landscapes. It identifies the tasks of placemakers as system mctamodelers to include the integrated management of complex systems by facilitating second order change that moves the design professions beyond reductionist ‘project driven’ design; the development of management structures and implementation processes; and liaison with professional organizations to define their epistemologies. It also reviews on‐going efforts to manage urban placeness, and new processes for facilitating th

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850070406

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is time that the related fields of cybernetics and systems science began to make a significant contribution to the design of organizations. A good place to begin is with the design of the Great University.The Great University does not presently exist, either in any institution or in a conceptual form. If it can be designed conceptually, the possibility exists that it may be realized in practice, and that it could serve as an example to existing institutions.The Great University represents a sufficiently sophisticated concept that its design and operation both can serve as tests of the quality and utility of concepts from systems science and cybernetics.The Great University is founded on theLeibniz Principle of Reason. In order to reflect this Principle, it is animated by and organized aroundthree objectives of education set forth by Ralph Barton Perry, which are founded in the aim to prepare people for the exercise of citizenship in a free society.Evaluation of the Great University will lie in the performance of university graduates in society. The Great University will strive to create and implement exemplary practices that reinforce high quality performance of university graduates and correct the factors that promote low‐quality performance in university graduates.In creating an organization and programs that are responsive to the Leibniz Principle and the Perry Objectives, the Great University will set behavioral standards of the highest ethical quality, and its internal incentive system for faculty and student performance will be designed to promote balanced attention to the three objectives. In order to achieve this, a double infrastructure will be required to meet the vastly different requirements of subsumptive and supersumptive activity, both types being essential in the Great University.“… the paradox is now fully established that the utmost abstractions are the true weapons with which to control our thought of concrete fact.”Alfred North W

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850070407

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850070408

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850070409

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850070410

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY