ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe systems theoretic concept of emergent properties provides a useful empirical and theoretical focus for political science. Significant political events, such as treaties, reforms and wars, involve super‐ and sub‐additive changes in performance—changes that cannot be accounted for by simple aggregations or projections of prior trends. These events are poorly represented by common empirical methods, such as regression and other quasi‐experimental designs; and this mismatch explains some past failures of basic and applied research. Happily, more appropriate quantiative representations, which I usually call capacity expansion (contraction) models, are available and

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is useful for systems theories to distinguish between abstracted and concrete systems. Parsons and his followers have emphasized the first sort; Miller and others have emphasized the second. Scientific work can be conducted in terms of either sort of system, but concrete systems theory has elicited more quantitative research. In addition it brings social science closer to the natural sciences. Abstracted and concrete theories also differ in their categorization of subsystem processes. Recognition of the similarity of subsystems at various biological and social levels of systems facilitates the development of cross‐level hypotheses and quantitative research to test the existence of formal identities across levels.Few cross‐level formal identities have yet been investigated empirically, but such interdisciplinary fundamental research can confirm or disconfirm very powerful integrative systems principles. In recent years interest in such cross‐level research has been rising. Ten cross‐level studies are de

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe concept of political health, correctly understood and employed, can serve as an integrating model in the discipline of political science. A realistic theory of the political system should welcome such a concept which seeks to do justice to the three central concerns of political science. First, political health makes explicit the preferred ethical concern of political science: Its dedication to such values as peace, freedom, justice, and welfare. Second, the concept enables political scientists to explore, as empirical social scientists, the necessary and sufficient conditions of these same values, and to arrive at generalizations about the state of our political health. And, thirdly, the concept of political health encourages political scientists—ethically motivated, and scientifically equipped—to sustain and improve the health of political communities by helping to sharpen the capacity of all political actors (but especially politicians, administrators, and statesmen) to make prudent political judgments in polit

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring the last fifty years many of the world's political systems have learned to perform new operations they could not perform before. The challenges that face humankind now and in the next decades will require even more dramatic learning, invention and innovation. Conditions for increased learning performance that pertain to any large system help to clarify how societies and political systems learn. What will it mean to tune our educational systems to increase our learning capacity, to facilitate our transition to an intensive information society and to meet the economic, political and social challenges of the coming decades?

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWithin the next few years, our increasing international stresses seem likely to lead either to catastrophe or to major structural change. Our global technologies and global problems are pressing us inexorably toward a global level of human organization. But most of our current thinking about such problems is limited to the context of the present unstable system of more or less independent nations. It does not deal with the question of what new kind of global management structure we may have to adopt in order to get more security and more stability. “We are floundering for lack of a long‐run vision of where we want to be.”Could we begin to design such a structure? There have been brilliant advances in “social technical knowledge” in the last 40 years, for example in cybernetics, systems theory, game theory, psychology, management theory, micromotives and macro‐behavior, and the science of negotiation. These new disciplines might make possible the invention of various kinds of new self‐stabilizing social structures with democratic or mutual self‐management by the nations and peoples involved. Such forms based on modern principles and experiments might actually work much better than most of our present old‐fashioned and patchwork political arrangements.A discussion is given of the basic requirements for a global peace‐keeping system of this kind, if it is to be both effective and acceptable, with minimum interference with existing governments. Many variations are possible (as with biological organisms) as long as certain stability rules are not violated. If an experienced multinational group representing several disciplines could work out the principles of such a global management structure—one that offered a hard‐headed improvement in security and positive advantages to the major powers—it might give a larger view that would change the context and the thinking in many of our confrontations today.At crucial times in history, there have been astonishingly sudden step‐ups to new levels of organization, sometimes by deliberate design. In the next few months or years, at some moment of crisis, with international shock and public pressure, it could happen again. Now is the time to apply our new social knowledge to the drafting of a new global peace‐keeping design that could be ready for conside

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850030210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY