ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850050201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850050202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOne suggestion that is advanced in this paper is that if the new wave of expert‐support systems (ESS) is not anchored in historical and philosophical (and therefore scientific) considerations the computer ages of rationalism (management information systems) and empiricism (data bases) may be followed by a wave of phenomenology, simple radical empiricism or simple pragmatism (‘practical doing’) represented by ESS, expert systems and support tools. This suggestion will be outlined by presenting the kind of questions that should be answered in order to make sure that real progress is made in the design and use of so‐called knowledge‐based ESS. Such an inventory of questions will be followed by a list of problematic concepts that should be better understood in future

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850050203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA theoretical model of occupational stress built upon the concepts of systems theory is presented. Systems theory is concerned with the problems of relationships, structure and interdependence among the components of the system. Occupational stress is conceptualised within a systems framework in terms of person‐environment fit and incorporating occupational stress into the broader social issues of quality of life and quality of working life. The advantages of using a systemic approach to conceptualise and investigate occupational stress are demonstrated in a study of 38 respondents. Results strongly support hypothesised relationships between stress, strain and personality factors. The hypothesised relationships between strain, adaptive responses and quality of life and quality of working life receive qualified suppor

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850050204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOngoing research in generic design science has provided evidence regarding its capacity to make valuable contributions towards the resolution of the global problématique. This paper defines and clarifies a role for systems scientists in the context of these contributions. The results of an actual generic design session exploring this role in the context of a global problématique is presented for discussion to further work towards implementing generic design science in the systems science community.We have heard our age described as the age of systems, the information age, and the post‐industrial age. While it may be all of these things, it is surely an age of design. Design is the manifestation of our knowledge and feelings, as translated into the great variety of artifacts that modify our way of life. Design is a process of creating alternatives to augment those provided by nature.Warfield [12, p.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850050205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis article reports a developmental theory of social systems using concepts from developmental psychology, management, and marketing. More‐developed social systems are argued to be mostly preoccupied in satisfying higher‐order needs (e.g. social, esteem, and self‐actualization needs), whereas less‐developed social systems are mostly preoccupied in satisfying lower‐order needs (e.g. biological and safety‐related needs). Development is defined in terms of need satisfaction hierarchy of a given social system. The higher the need satisfaction of a social system the greater the development of that system. Social systems engage in a set of activities to satisfy their needs. Successful activities, therefore, serve to enhance the development of social systems. The activities that serve the needs of social systems are classified as technical, supportive, maintenance, managerial, and adaptive. Each of these types of activities involves a developmental dimension. It is argued that progressive satisfaction in social system development is a direct function of developmental changes in technical, supportive, maintenance, managerial, and adaptive

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850050206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSome conceptual problems which are related to the way data (i.e. empirical information) are represented in model building are discussed. Elements of a framework for modelling are proposed in which a constructive relationship between the data and the modelling relation itself is incorporated. The main novelty of this approach is the use of the notion ofinformation set, which is defined as the set of observed values of those observables which are actually available as data sources for a given model, as contrasted to a complete set of observations where questions of restricted availability cannot be raised. This permits the application of complexity theory in a new way. Some examples are given where, as a consequence, essential differences between descriptions, otherwise considered equivalent, will be revealed. One application, showing the existence of fundamentally inequivalent forms ofdynamicswhich belong to different information sets, is elaborated in more detail.la science occidentale est fondée sur la doctrine monastique d'un univers ordonné, créé par un Dieu qui reste hors de la nature et la gouverne par des lois accessibles á la raison hum

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850050207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850050208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUniversities maintain many systems that help order activities. Among these are the systems that provide financial support for research activity. One frequently occurring system is a university level committee that reviews the merits of research funding requests. In this study. Interpretive Structural Modeling is used to generate the hierarchy of criteria employed by a university research committee to evaluate and fund proposals from faculty in the arts, music, mathematics, science, and the applied disciplines. Thirty‐four elements and 20 levels are developed. The resulting hierarchy is a preference list suitable for judging proposals that lend themselves to formal research design. The existing system using the current project evaluation framework to simultaneously encourage creative work in art and music along with traditional research in other disciplines is deemed unsatisfactory. A separate allocation system for the arts and music is under stud

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850050209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA key tenet of information theory, Shannon's mathematical equation for the information entropy of a discrete communication channel, is applied by analogy to illustrate how access to political communication channels such as cable television could be allocated. Application of this equation provides a basis for maximizing the information entropy of political communication. However, such applications must overcome a number of theoretical and practical limitations to be politically viable.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850050210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY