ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractExamination of the objectives of measurement reveals it to be part of a series or system of interlocking purposeful activities required to describe the world. The system is analysed as a five‐level hierarchical structure which is complete in that the fifth level is reflective. This model may be useful in the social sciences where much measurement is either not believable or not socially relevant. In particular, the model emphasizes the need for adequate conceptualization, observation, assignment of quantity, and appreciation of relations in association with measurement; and restates the truism that measurement depends on the choice of a universally applicable natural unit with an appropriate relation to the phenomenon under stud

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHumanistic psychology arose in reaction to the restrictive paradigms of behaviorism and orthodox psychoanalysis. However, humanisitic psychology has yet to provide a consistent philosophical and methodological framework for the development and evaluation of models, methods, research, theories and therapies. Additionally, there exists no commonly shared structure for the translation and communication of intuitive recognitions and clinical findings. General systems theory offers a comprehensive methodology, rooted in the natural sciences, which may be applied to clarify and communicate many aspects of humanistic psychology. This paper demonstrates the common philosophical perspectives of general systems theory and humanistic psychology, describes general systems theory in terms of the challenges to humanistic psychology, and presents the concerns expressed by humanistic psychologists regarding the use of general systems theory. Selected areas are discussed in detail: The unity of mental and physical processes; the phenomenologically‐based views of experience that encompass conscious, unconscious and transpersonal dimensions; and the growth paradigms of personal change described by such concepts as equifinality, anamorphosis and differentiation. Also, the humanistic psychologist is urged to be wary of inappropriate methodologies that complicate, rather than clarify, the issues at hand, and directions for future research are outline

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper is a study of quality control systems with flexible adaptivity in the presence of new kinds of uncertainty, due to the changes of the environment as well as a higher aspiration of systems performance. The uncertainties lead both to the diversity of quality and engineering information and to that of quality control activities, and the essential problems there are how to manipulate diversified information and how to coordinate diversified activities. In this paper we introduce the concept of common items of information in order to manipulate diversified quality and engineering information and propose a coordination system which integrates diversified quality control activities. We also present a successful application of the coordination system to a company in heavy industry.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn attempt is made in this article to develop a general framework for dealing with the various issues associated with the notion of complexity. It is argued that complexity, in the epistemological and methodological sense, is associated with systems defined on objects of interest rather than the objects themselves. Basic types of systems are outlined in the article. It is shown that systems complexity has different meanings for different types of systems while, at the same time, it possesses some general features that are invariant of systems types. Two general kinds of complexity of a system are proposed, which are connected with the amounts of information required to describe the system and to resolve uncertainty associated with it. A general simplification problem, which is applicable to systems of any type, is formulated, and some fundamental simplification strategies are overviewed.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe term ‘reconstructability analysis’ has evolved as a generic term for all aspects of a methodology whose aim is to deal with problems associated with the relationship between systems perceived as wholes and their various subsystems (i.e. parts of the wholes). This article is a state‐of‐the‐art report on reconstructability analysis (RA). It contains a description of problems that are studied under RA, a summary of main results obtained within RA, an outline of some important issues associated with RA that require further research, and an up‐to‐date bibliography of RA.After a general discussion of the issues associated with the whole/part relationship and an overview of the aims of RA, the article describes results obtained for two problems that are subjects of study in RA. One of the problems, called an identification problem, is concerned with inferences about an unknown overall system from a given set of its subsystems. A deductive inference from the given subsystems results in the set of all overall systems which yield those very subsystems; it is called a reconstruction family. The ability to identify the true overall system is measured by an identifiability quotient that is inversely proportional to the relative size of the reconstruction family. A selection of one overall system from the reconstruction family requires an inductive inference. It is argued that the selected system should be unbiased and a simple procedure for determining it (called a join procedure) is described.The second problem, called a reconstruction problem, is concerned with the determination of such subsystems, as small as possible, from which the overall system can be reconstructed to an acceptable degree of approximation. The approximation is measured by an information distance between the given and reconstructed overall systems. The reconstruction problem involves a number of computational difficulties. Some approaches to overcoming these difficulties are discussed. The article also contains a description of simulation experiments which contributed toward the determination of some fundamental characteristics of RA for the reconstru

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850020211

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY