ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850060201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe polar opposites and their complementary behaviors are observed in many existing systems, which results in the emergence of the complementary opposition model. The model gives a challenge to the traditional dichotomy model in Western philosophy, and is provided with supportive evidence from both physics and systems research. This paper proposes complementary opposition as an essential concept in general systems theory, and discusses its theoretical and applied aspects in systems perspectives.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850060202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe intricate typology of Western business leaders is presented in the economic literature of today in a rather sporadic and atomized way. In the present work I attempt todeducefrom a single model the various types of business leaders. I put together a matrix of the possible types of a firm's leadership. One axis represents the degree of subjectivity of the decisions made by the leader. The other dimension reflects the extent of the limitations imposed upon the leader by the internal rules of the organization in elaborating and implementing decisions.The degree of subjectivity is denoted by the following three methods: Belief, aesthetic, and scientific. The extent of the leader's limitations is expressed as either strong, moderate, or weak. Variety of leadership types reflects the relative degree of subjectivity in the evaluation of his decisions as well as the severity of the limitations imposed upon him.The above matrix shows both the existing types of leaders (such as administrators, managers, etc.) as well as the new ones (for instance, navigators). This approach may help reveal the deficit in the types of leaders needed to overcome the increasingly complicated tasks of developing and implementing innovative ideas.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850060203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA set of distinct approaches to decision and action is offered as developed from collaborative inquiry with practising managers. The approaches so elicited align frequently, but not invariably or precisely, with accounts in the literature. They are named: Rationalist, empiricist, pragmatist, dialectic, systemic, structuralist and intuitionist. Each approach tends to be advocated over‐enthusiastically by its proponents as a full and appropriate response for all contingencies. The characteristic advantages and difficulties of each are examined, and issues in the selection of a preferred approach are explore

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850060204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe information content of any organized system is difficult to quantify. Reductionist reasoning would suggest that the elements of information are ‘coded’ and ontologically self‐standing within the system itself. This is not so. The generation and interpretation of information always requires larger contexts in which it can be understood, because they involve more information than the system itself can possibly contain. Strictly construed, these contexts contribute to that information content. The ways in which they so contribute are not quantifiable in the present understanding of information theory. This non‐quantifiability applies from biological organizations to machines to linguistic structures. In this paper, I will discuss some of those inherent limitations to informational quantif

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850060205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe are going to subject human beings to scientific analysis which can reach the level of genuine scientific theory. But before starting we really should turn to the question of what we mean by ‘Science’. To do this we have to plunge centuries back to unearth various theories about the characteristics of proposed sciences. Each of these theories appears to have centered on one particular domain of Nature. Each has earned a theoretical status, establishing abstract relations between objects of its domain in agreement with actual relations, deemed as truthful. For example, the periodic motion of celestial bodies led astronomers to conceive abstract relations, as a rational order in things expressed by the word ‘cosmos’. In this way each science finally made its particular domain intelligible. Thus the intellectual scope of Science is to make Nature intelligible to mankind. When we talk about ‘Nature’ we mean everything which has existed, everything which exists, and everything which will exist. There are no limits to this domain. Man, inasmuch as he is a living being can therefore become an object of scientific enquiry and therefore scientific theorizing. The object of the present paper is to ascertain the characteristics of scientific truth attached to such a theory. This analysis is particularly relevant at the present time as science appropriates an ever‐increasing share in the advance of civilization. The theory of man is a recent development. It has encountered great resistance. The fact that throughout and despite many centuries of development, Science has so far failed to make human beings intelligible to themselves should be attributed to such resistance. This suggests that probing into the scientific theory of Man might upset many established ‘truths’ current in science today. To know these ‘truths’, we must go back as far as we can in history and attempt to trace out how scientif

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850060206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWith the continuing rise of Japan's economic fortunes it remains important that we understand what is taking place, that is, theevolvingpatterns of world‐class strategy. Japan has established itself as a world economic leader with a constitutional ban on building war‐making capabilities, that is, without a strategic defense capability to back up its conquests. This unique feature makes Japan in the later half of the 20th century especially important to understand.Several lessons can be learned from Japan's recent economic ‘miracle’: (a) that tremendous economic potential lies in seeking ever higher value‐added in productivity, processes, goods and services; (b) that natural resource limitations can be overcome without resort to coercively taking resources from other countries; (c) that military buildups of coercive force may divert resources needed for economic competitiveness and are not necessary to becoming a world economic power. This paper explores, in the context of Japan's successes, the increasing importance of: (1) creating value through knowledge, and (2) managing relationships and competition in terms of cooperative ‘win‐win’ scenarios as opposed to a ‘win‐lose’ battles of coercion. From Japan's example, it is argued, strategies of creating new value through knowledge and co‐operation represent thehigh frontierof global competitiveness today—that economic competitiveness resulting from gaining control of the world's sources of new value creation, as opposed to amassing control of coercive force, is how world positi

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850060207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper considers the feasibility of applying an options‐choice methodology to a key decision in a large technological project, on the basis of interviews with the decision‐makers involved. The actual process by which the decision was made is described, and contrasted with that suggested by the methodology. Potential improvements which could have been achieved are identified, and the reaction of the decision‐makers suggests that it would have been feasible to use the methodology in this decision situ

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850060208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850060209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850060211

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY