ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850040301

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe West German Fraunhofer Gesellschaft (FhG) is described as a model of a successful industry—state—university research and development institute system. With over 30 separate institutes, its purpose is the advancement of applied research, with a primary mission to work in areas of manufacturing and productivity. All aspects of the FhG and its institutes are discussed: Mission, operation, organization, new institute startup, budgeting, and divers

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850040302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMan's intelligence is analyzed as a hierarchical system with five levels. The first level (L1) realizes mainly input and output transformations and is placed between the rest of the intelligent system on the one side and (a) the rest of the organism and (b) its environment on the other side. The second level (L2) is the motivational one and the third level (L3) is the cognitive one. Both L2 and L3 have a structure similar to the classical control systems with the difference that, instead of having a comparator, they have an integrator. The fourth level (L4) observes the regularities of the events in L2 and L3 and achieves a model of functioning of these levels and a model of the world as it is perceived by the human intelligent system. The fifth level (L5) is the linguistic and cultural level which communicates with L4, transcribes it into human language terms and communicates it and contrasts it with the description of (a) L4 and (b) other humans, with the function of forming a model of itself, of others and of the world as it is socially and culturally accepted.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850040303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the development of a transportable conceptual framework (a definition) of complexity which will contribute to its understanding in a wide variety of contexts. To achieve this, the concept of complexity is related to both systems and people. Complexity is shown to be related to systems via the number of elements and relationships, and later via non‐linearity, asymmetry and non‐holonomic constraints. Complexity is also shown to be related to people via their notions and perceptions, and interests and capabilities. The paper then ties the ideas of two‐dimensional science, hierarchy and emergence, and a new development of Weaver's three ranges of complexity, to this fram

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850040304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUsing an interdisciplinary systems approach, this paper presents a comprehensive overview of our scientific knowledge of the Cosmos within a conceptual four dimensional tetrahedral geometry where relationships are primary. Vital to the development of this model is a proposed innovative pattern, using the 48 basic measure formulas and their associated 24 relationships from within the area of physics. It is from these patterns, developed at the most basic level of our scientific understanding, geometry and physics, that the proposal is made that these patterns might be carried over into other areas and meaningful conclusions drawn. Since this is a philosophical inquiry, only patterns and relationships within and between fields of scientific knowledge have been demonstrated. Detailed development of the tetrahedral geometric patterning and the placement of knowledge within five transcendent classifications has been demonstrated. Challenging tentative conclusions in many areas, including human relations involving conflict resolution and avoidance of war, have also been presented.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850040305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850040306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFrom Shannon's informational entropy formula, a power index for each organizational unit and an organizational efficiency were developed for the structure of a corporation. Of the four models tested, it was shown that a horizontal configuration is most efficient, a chaos model least. Chaos occurs when each unit is completely independent and has the same budget. These concepts were applied to the University of Cincinnati to show that the efficiency diminished from 81 to 74% during its 1962–1963 through 1979–1980 period of rapid expansion when the budget increased four‐fold (corrected for inflation). At the same time, students enrolled, per dollar (corrected for inflation), declined by abou

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850040307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractGeneral systems theory requires that system properties be distributed. In the cognitive domain, intelligence is a concept that characterizes cognitive behavior. Through philosophical analysis, the systemic distribution of artificial and natural intelligence are evaluated with respect to logical primitives in pattern recognition (qualitative intelligence). In order to determine the extent of that distribution, relevant cognitive conditions in machine programs, infrahumans and humans are examined. Qualitative intelligence is shown to be distributed in infrahuman and human systems but not in machine systems.

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850040308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850040309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0731-7239    

DOI:10.1002/sres.3850040310

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY