摘要:

A number of recent studies attribute selective adaptation effects in whole or in part to response contrast rather than to desensitization of “feature detectors” [J. S. Bryant, J. Exp. Psychol. 4, 610–620 (1978); R. L. Diehl, J. L. Elman, and S. B. McCusker, J. Exp. Psychol.4, 599–609 (1978); H. J. Simon and M. Studdert‐Kennedy, J. Acoust. Soc. Am.64, 1338–1357 (1978)]. The hypothesized detectors were generally assumed to be available only for certain consonantal features; such phenomena as the susceptibility of vowel identity judgements to contextual effects were thus considered to be unrelated. Selective adaptation experiments were performed using acoustic continua spanning the ranges from steady‐state [ε]to [εl] and from [εl]to [εd]. Endpoint adaptors in both experiments produced significant shifts in the predicted directions. The results fit well with a response‐contrast interpretation, and argue against a strict perceptual dichotomy based on consonant/vowel classification alone.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.2016962

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1979

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The perceptual distinctiveness of four common voice qualities was assessed by asking observers to place the stimuli produced in the four voice qualities, at five different fundamental frequencies by five subjects into one of four unnamed perceptual categories. The qualities tested were that heard (1) in most everday speech, (2) during a low‐level whimper or cry, (3) in country‐western singing, and (4) in most singing on the operatic stage. All voice qualities were correctly categorized above chance level at all frequency levels. Analysis of the perceptual confusions was conducted using an information theory approach. The results of this analysis suggests that some of these vocal qualities share some common perceptual features and that each quality may be thought of as a set of distinctive perceptual features.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.2016966

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1979

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Using sets of synthetic, sparse acoustic stimuli (SAS) we have examined two patients who underwent unilateral surgical excision of all auditory cortex. Patient 1, an 8‐year‐old girl, had right hemispherectomy at age 5 years. Patient 2, a 30‐year‐old woman, had suffered extensive left hemisphere damage at birth and had left hemispherectomy at age 29 years; preoperative carotid amytal studies showed right hemisphere dominance for speech. Patients classified sets of SAS presented monaurally; responses were arranged in multidimensional contingency tables and analyzed for departure from homogeneity. For sets with falling F2(|γε|‐|yε|). each patient classified appropriately SAS presented to ear opposite remaining hemisphere (p= 0.0001); however, each classified randomly SAS presented to ear opposite excision (p= 0.9997). Repeated testing demonstrated no learning effects. These findings permit following conclusions for these SAS: (1) Neither subcortical mechanisms nor ipsilateral input to remaining auditory cortex are sufficient to classify these SAS appropriately. (2) If “plasticity” operated in patient 2, it was not evident in altered auditory connectivity.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.2016971

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1979

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Previous studies [Burdick,et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am.64, (1978)] found that chinchillas exposed to octave bands of noise centered at 63 and 1000 Hz incur maximum hearing loss at the frequencies of 1400 and 2000 Hz. Since these bands of noise produce maximum hearing loss at the same frequencies, the question arose concerning the possibility of synergistic effects when exposed to both bands of noise simultaneously. Three groups of chinchillas were exposed to these noise bands for nine days. One group was exposed for four and one‐half days to the low‐frequency noise followed by four and one‐half days of exposure to the high‐frequency noise; another group was exposed to the same noise bands with the order of presentation reversed. The third group of animals was exposed to both noise bands simultaneously. The intensity level of each noise band was 94 dBA. No interactive effects were produced either by the successive exposures or by the simultaneous exposure.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.2016974

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1979

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Two of three listeners participating in an experiment involving the use of a high‐pass noise with a very steep skirt (about −400 dB/octave below about 3000 Hz) now yield forward‐masking tuning curves that are considerably less steep on the high‐frequency side than was true prior to exposure to the steep‐sided noise. The exposures were monaural and intermittent both within daily sessions and across an eight‐week period, the “multiplied” noise was weak (spectral level 35 dB SPL, overall level 65 dB SPL), and there is no evidence of threshold shift (PTS). The greatest detuning occurs in the ipsilateral ear at a signal frequency of 2400 Hz, and there is little or no effect at 1700 Hz. There are also contralateral effects, but the patterns are different—the primary change is an elevation in the master level necessary when the masker and signal are the same frequency. There was some initial recovery, but deficits persist three months after the last exposure. These preliminary results indicate that noises with steep skirts should be treated with caution until their damage potential is better understood. [Work supported by NINCDS.]

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.2016982

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1979

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Sex‐related differences in the effects of noise on humans have been reported in several areas including physiological reactions, sleep disturbance, and permanent hearing threshold shift. It has been suggested that economic, social, and cultural factors may combine to reduce the opportunity for women to be exposed to high‐level occupational and recreational noises. However, this contaminant is absent from research into noise‐induced temporary threshold shift (TTS), because the noise exposures are carefully controlled in the laboratory performance of TTS studies. Most research into sex‐related differences in temporary, auditory noise‐exposure effects have been limited to the examination of threshold phenomena only. In the present study, a variety of noise‐induced hearing changes have been examined. Subjects were tested before and after a one‐half hour noise exposure using an audiometric test battery that included measures of pure‐tone threshold, loudness discrimination, tone‐on‐tone masking, and loudness and pitch measuring of tinnitus. Data were examined for sex‐related differences in the magnitude and incidence of noise‐induced shifts in these auditory tasks. Implications of these findings for hearing conservation and for modeling noise effects are discussed.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.2016984

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1979

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Investigators have demonstrated that the 2f1‐f2cubic difference tone (CDT) behaves in many respects as if a physical tone at the CDT frequency were actually present in the acoustic stimulus [J. L. Goldstein, G. Buchsbaum, and M. Furst, J. Acoust. Soc. Am.63, 474–485 (1978)]. We further examined this property of the CDT by asking whether a binaural masking level difference (BMLD) can be obtained through the interaction of a 500‐Hz physical tone to one ear and a CDT of the same frequency to the other ear. Thresholds for the physical tone were obtained as the phase of this tone varied through 360° relative to harmonically related primaries (f1equals; 625 Hz,f2= 750 Hz). A continuous low‐pass (2000 Hz) diotic noise comprised the masking stimulus. The level of this noise varied to establish thresholds in a two‐interval same‐different adaptive procedure with the primaries occurring in both observation intervals. In keeping with other physical stimulus‐like properties of the CDT, the results show BMLDs of 10–13 dB. CDT phase and level estimates derived from additional BMLDs are compared to estimates obtained with the traditional cancellation procedure. The implication of these results regarding the physiological origin of the CDT is discussed.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.2016996

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1979

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The just‐noticeable difference (jnd) in interaural time delay for a narrow‐band noise signal has been measured for ten interaural conditions of wide‐band masking noise. The narrow‐band signal is a one third‐octave noise band at 500 Hz. The masking noise covers 250–1500 Hz. Both signal and masker have an overall level of 56 dB SPL. The masked jnds for narrow‐band noise are consistent with those for tones [M. F. Cohen, J. Acoust. Soc. Am.64, S35(A) (1978)] in that the progression of increasing difficulty (increasing jnds) is interaurally identical musket (NO), uncorrelated masker (NU), and antiphasic masker (Nπ). Note that this progression is exactly opposite to that expected from detectability results. Other interaural conditions of the masker include an interaural delay of τ = 100 μs (Nτ), an interaural attenuation of α dB (Nα), or both (Nτ,α), where α is realized by attenuating one ear and is chosen for each subject to center the masker when both τ and α are present. The jnds with these maskers show that theNτ,α case is more difficult thanNτ orNα. [Work supported by NIH.]

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.2017005

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1979

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Contrary to temporal and dynamic accentuation, melodic accentuation has received little interest in the literature. Melodic accentuation is comparatively subtle. Therefore a sensitive method is required. It turned out that themethod of controlled anticipationprovides good results. This method involves the embedding of the short isochronous, equal loudness, pure tone sequence to be investigated in a larger, also isochronous, sequence of tones, the sound level of which is manipulated in such a way as to control the anticipation of the observer. Coincidence of perceived and anticipated accents then leads to the experience of “regular rhythm” (tape demonstration). It was found that melodic accents are brought about mainly by the pitch contour and to a lesser extent by the magnitude of the pitch changes. A model was constructed describing accent perception in terms of relations between tones within a window proceeding along the tone sequence. A memory span of only three tones is shown to be sufficient to predict accents in four successive tones using experimental data obtained for three successive tones. The musical relevance of these findings will be discussed. [Work supported by Dutch Psychonomics Z.W.O.]

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.2017010

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1979

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

We carried out an experiment to determine a multidimensional scaling of music styles. A set of short examples of pieces for solo piano were chosen, two each from five style periods: Baroque, Classic, Romantic, 20th Century Modern, and Jazz. The durations of each piece ranged from 1 to 3 min. We played these pieces to 40 subjects ranging from professional musicians to naive listeners. After an initial exposure to the ten pieces, the subjects were asked to listen to and to make 45 similarity ratings on all possible pairs of pieces. The subjects were also asked to rate each piece on 19 bipolar scales. Both data sets were run through theINSCALprogram which constructed a two‐dimensional similarity space to represent the subjects' judgments. We interpreted the dimensions as a Romantic‐Baroque dimension and a Modern‐Old dimension. A correlation was noted between musical expertise and the importance the subject attached to the dimensions. The Modern‐Old dimension was more important to musicians; the Romantic‐Baroque dimension was more important to nonmusicians.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.2017012

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1979

数据来源: AIP