摘要:

The physical meaningfulness of the time‐spectral energy concept [V. Kouskoulas, J. Appl. Phys.42, No. 10 (1971)] and a relation to the corresponding output of a linear system are established. As it defines energy and it is always positive, it is physically meaningful and measurable.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1914511

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1974

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

It is generally assumed that the frequency‐difference limen is a constant fraction of the critical band‐width. This relationship is found not to hold for frequency‐difference limens measured in a two‐interval forced‐choice task.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1914512

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1974

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The effect of vowel environment on consonant duration previously noted for adults is not present in the speech of three‐, six‐, or nine‐year‐old children.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1914513

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1974

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The effect of consonant environment on vowel duration previously noted for adults is not present in the speech of three‐year‐old children.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1914514

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1974

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1914515

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1974

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1914516

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1974

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1914520

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1974

数据来源: AIP

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1914524

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1974

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

There is strong systematic evidence that the whole larynx is lower during the production of voiced stops relative to voiceless aspirated stops intervocalically in English (Ewan and Krones, 1972). Using a device called the Thyroumbrometer, which measures vertical displacement of the laryngeal prominence to within 2 mm and horizontal displacement qualitatively, we now have similar evidence for French, Thai, Mandarin, Igbo, Japanese, Taiwanese, and other languages. A low larynx is associated with a lowF0and a high larynx with a highF0ceteris paribus (Ohala and Ewan, 1972). Even though there is noF0in voiceless aspirates, this correlation between larynx height andF0leads me to speculate on a possible articulatory universal for plain stops and larynx height, and on possible relations between larynx height and sound change. There are many documented cases in Asian languages (Wang and Matisoff, personal communication) in which the merger of initial stops was related to tone change, e.g., pH → pV́ and b → pV̀. Apparently the relative difference in the positioning of the larynx forms a predisposition along with intrinsic factors which make such change possible.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.3437129

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1974

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The functional relationship between the acoustic parameters of speech and the positions of different articulators was investigated on a computer‐simulated model of the vocal tract using nonlinear regression. The area function of the vocal tract in the model was specified by seven articulatory variables, namely, the area and location of the maximum constriction formed by the tongue body, the area and location of the tongue tip constriction, the area of the mouth opening, lip protrusion, and the length of the vocal tract. It was found that any one of the seven articulatory variables could be represented reasonably accurately by a polynomial function of the acoustic parameters of the vocal tract model. Two interesting properties of this relationship were observed. First, in estimating an artic‐ulatory variable, knowledge of the other articulatory variables was not required; the articulatory variable was uniquely determined by the acoustic parameters alone. Second, any one of several different acoustic representations—such as predictor coefficients, formant frequencies, and their band widths, or power spectrum—could be used with equal success in determining articulatory variables. The applications of this method for determining positions of the articulators during speech production, for speech recognition, and for control of articulatory models for speech synthesis are discussed.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.3437137

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1974

数据来源: AIP