摘要:

This paper describes a variety of methods for the measurement of the diffusion of sound fields in reverberation chambers. Diffusion is defined on the basis of the angular distribution of sound energy flux, in accordance with the definition that has found its visual expression in the “sound hedgehog” of Meyer and Thiele. The theoretical foundations of the methods proposed here are: normal mode expansion, the sampling theorem (both in time and two‐dimensional space), and either Fourier or correlation analysis. The quantities to be measured are sound pressures and, in some cases, sound pressure gradients at a number of sampling points on the measuring wall. Results of these measurements are suitably transformed to give the sound energy fluxes for all possible angles of incidence. The accuracy of measurement is determined by theQ(frequency times reverberation time) of the chamber and is typically of the order of 1°. This extra‐ordinary directivity is achieved without substantial perturbation of the sound field. Methods applicable to both single frequencies and finite frequency bands are described.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1907643

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1959

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Studies were undertaken to (determine how “noisy” commercial jet aircraft will sound to people on the ground in comparison to present‐day commercial aircraft with reciprocating engines. Three experiments involved the flyover sound made by reciprocating‐engine aircraft (a DC‐7 and a Super‐Constellation) and jet aircraft (a Caravelle, a Comet, and a 707). People were asked to judge the “annoyance” or potential bother‐someness of the sounds relative to one another.It was found that the over‐all sound pressure level (“C” scale) and the speech interference level (SIL) of the sounds from the aircraft as measured on the ground, either outdoors or indoors, bear little relation to the judgments. The loudness level in phons, the values obtained with the aid of the “equal listener‐response curve” of Miller and Beranek, and over‐all sound pressure level “A” scale and “P” scale correlate better with the findings. However, the results of the judgment tests are predicted best when the SPL's of the various octave bands are weighted in a newly prescribed manner. This calculation scheme is based on previously published equal‐annoyance contours and the procedures developed by Stevens for calculating loudness level.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1907644

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1959

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Mice, rats, and guinea pigs were exposed daily to high intensity noise in the frequency range of 150–4800 cps at a sound pressure level of about 140 db,re0.0002 μbar. It was found that the behavioral and endocrine responses differ in the three species studied. The adrenal response of animals exposed to noise supports the interpretation that noise acts as a physiological stress, but does not induce harmful extra‐auditory effects. Thus, the endocrine system appears to act as a multiloop feed‐back system which compensates for the effects of noise on the central nervous system.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1907645

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1959

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Chronic exposure of male guinea pigs to intense, low‐frequency noise (139–144 db, 300–4800 cps) for six weeks did not affect their sexual performance. Histological and histochemical analyses of various organs indicated noise is followed by increased activity of the adrenal glands. However, the absence of pathology in the reproductive and digestive organs indicated that the tolerance limits of animals were not exceeded.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1907646

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1959

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

There has recently been a renewal of interest in the roles of intensity and time in the lateralization of sounds. The technique generally employed is to offset the effect of an interaural time difference in one direction with a difference of level in the opposite. In the present series of experiments a different method was used, that of having the subject adjust the interaural time relation for a noise until it appears to be in the same lateral position as the stimulus tone. Using this procedure, we have obtained results which support the findings of other recent workers that increasing the intensity of the stimulus to an ear will cause it to transmit earlier in time. We have found additional evidence, however, which shows that the central nervous system, too, responds to interaural intensity differences, and that its response is different from that of the peripheral system. When time and intensity are opposed, time has less effect on it than when time and intensity both favor the same side.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1907647

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1959

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The detectability of a pulsed sinusoid (0.1 sec) in white noise was measured at sixteen frequencies ranging from 250 to 4000 cps. The measurements are compared with the results previously obtained from experiments in which continuous sinusoids of indefinite duration were used. The dependence of detectability on frequency appears to be very similar in all the experiments. We also measured the detectability of compound signals, i.e., signals with 12 and 16 sinusoidal components. A comparison of the detectability for the single and combined sinusoids allows us to determine approximately how the auditory system sums energy over frequency.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1907648

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1959

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The cochlear‐microphonic potential of guinea pigs was recorded during stimulation by bone‐conducted sounds. The amplitude and the phase of the response were measured while the ossicles were altered in various ways.At low and middle frequencies, fixation of the ossicular chain produces a decrease of amplitude and a phase advance of about 70°, while an increase of the mass yields an increase of amplitude and a phase lag greater than 180°. A progressive increase of the mass, produced by introducing paraffin oil in the middle‐ear cavity, yields a progressive variation of amplitude and phase and, at a particular moment, a complete disappearance of the response. Symmetrical results were obtained by altering the intrabullar pressure. All these results are interpreted as showing the participation of several mechanisms contributing to the whole response. At low frequencies a translational mechanism involves two components: one related to the motion of the ossicular chain and the other related to the motion of the perilymphatic fluid. These two components contribute to the whole response according to their amplitude and phase. At higher frequencies a compressional mode of bone conduction, independent of the motion of the ossicles, is responsible for the stimulation. These findings agree with the alteration of bone conduction observed in clinical cases and provide an explanation for the lateralization of the sound source in an ear affected by conductive deafness, as shown in the Weber test. This lateralization may be accounted for by the observed phase shifts.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1907649

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1959

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The theory of the dynamic properties of thin fluid films is reviewed and it is shown how these properties can be used to introduce frequency‐dependent damping and stiffness factors into the equations governing the response of second‐order instrumentation systems such as transducers for the measurement of dynamic accelerations, vibration, pressure, sound, etc. By proper design, the frequency‐dependent nature of these factors can be utilized to provide substantial improvement in the frequency‐response characteristics of such systems over the characteristics obtainable with the usual second‐order system with constant viscous damping. For the specific case when the fluid is air at normal temperature and pressure, curves are given from which transducers can be designed to have optimum frequency‐response characteristics.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1907650

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1959

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

A theoretical and experimental investigation into the causes and mechanism of playback surface and groove noise of recorded media has been made. It is shown that such noise can be considered as arising from the random superposition of voltage pulses produced by local changes in the number and size distribution of welded friction junctions or asperities supporting the playback stylus load. A generalized noise equation, involving the physical parameters of the recorded medium and the playback stylus, has been derived and shows reasonable agreement with the measured playback noise spectra for several cold‐flowing and rigid plastic surfaces. From the noise equation emerges a concept of modulation noise and prediction of its dependence on modulation velocity. Examination of the playback noise level as a function of recording and playback conditions has also been included. It is also shown that surface noise measurements can be used to give information concerning then/aratio associated with the theory of friction.The measured lower limit of wide band playback noise for most plastic surfaces corresponds to an equivalent rms lateral noise velocity of 10−2cm/sec or equivalent lateral noise amplitude of 1 μin. peak at a linear velocity of 15 cm/sec. The equivalent roughness is thus half of that associated with an optical flat. Using this information, it is shown that at 1000 lines/in. information density a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 50 db at a linear velocity of 15 cm/sec should be realized.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1907651

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1959

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The normal mode solution of the problem of the radiation field of a simple harmonic point source in a layered wave guide is extended to the case of a band‐limited noise source. This theory is used to calculate the radiation field of a simple harmonic point source and a point noise source in shallow water over a thick layer of unconsolidated sediments, and the calculations are compared with experimental data. The experimental dependence of the acoustical pressure upon source distance is in agreement with that calculated from the theory.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1907652

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1959

数据来源: AIP