摘要:

The usual way to determine the direction of a radiating source with an array is to steer the array for maximum output. The steering can be done by time delays or by mechanically turning the array. The output of the array can be expressed as the sum of the time average of the products of the pressure 〈PmPn〉, observed at detectorsmandn. The value of 〈Pm(τm)Pn(τn)〉 can be maximized by a proper choice of time delays τm, τn. This procedure is straightforward in an infinite homogeneous medium. If the medium is a layered waveguide, there are many more possibilities for submaxima of thePmPnterms.The normal mode solution of the radiation field of a band limited noise point source is used to calculate the acoustical pressuresPmandPn. The value of 〈Pm(τm)Pn(τn)〉 as a function of time delay is compared with the value ofPnPmobtained with mechanical steering. For these calculations, the noise source is assumed to have a bandwidth of one fifteenth of the center frequency, and the depth of the water is assumed to be about 2λ over a thick layer of unconsolidated sediment. The number of maxima of the 〈Pm(τm)Pn(τn)〉 is related to the number of modes propagating in the waveguide if the steering is done with time delays. Mechanical steering yields one maximum that corresponds to the source direction.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1908829

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1961

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Spheroidal coordinates and wave functions are used to analyze the sound radiation from a prolate spheroid whose surface vibrates in an arbitrary pattern. Expressions are derived for the pressure distribution, velocity amplitude, radiation impedance, and directivity factor in each spheroidal radiation mode. Numerical results are derived for two special examples: (1) a rigid‐body vibration of a thin spheroid, and (2) an “accordion‐like” vibration of a thin spheroid.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1908831

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1961

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

An analysis is made of two methods of predicting the far‐field radiation pattern from pressure measurements made over a closed surfaceS, containing the source. One of these methods involves the use of Green's functions and yields two subcases according to the particular Green's function that is used. The Helmholtz formula, which results when one uses a Green's function of the form exp(ikR)/R, requires the knowledge of the normal gradient of the pressure ∂p/∂noverSin addition to the pressurep, but it leads to a formula that is relatively easy to evaluate. An approximation to ∂p/∂nis discussed. If, instead, one uses the Green's function which vanishes over the surfaceS, one can evaluate the pressure in the far field, in terms of measurements overS, ofponly. The resulting formula is somewhat more complicated than the Helmholtz formula, but it does not require a knowledge of ∂p/∂n.The second method is based on a proposal recently made by Pachner. It is shown, for the case of prolate spheroidal coordinates, that Pachner's method is completely equivalent to the second approach mentioned above. The applicability of these formulas is demonstrated with experimental data for a line hydrophone. Good agreement is obtained between the experimental radiation pattern and the theoretical patterns predicted by the formulas.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1908833

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1961

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

A theoretical study of the fluctuation of the amplitude and phase associated with the return of a single frequency pulse was made. A vectorial representation was used. From this model the conditions necessary for first‐order Rayleigh distribution of amplitudes are given. Experimental tests were conducted in the Bermuda area. Data on volume reverberation, as well as surface return and surface plus bottom return, were obtained. The data were processed via the USL Datrac‐Datatron system. Analog as well as digital processing was used. An analog electronic circuit was used to generate the Hilbert transform of the returned signal. The return signal and the Hilbert transform were both sampled by the “Datrac” system at a rate of the reciprocal of the bandwidth. The analog values thus obtained were then converted to digital form by the “Datrac” system. From the digital values of the original time function and the Hilbert transform of the time function, the Datatron 205 was programmed to compute the corresponding values of the envelope and the phase of the carrier frequency. Experimental histograms were obtained by the computer for these values. The experimental histograms were compared with the expected theoretical distributions. Statistical tests of goodness of fit were conducted on these data. The results showed the theoretical assumptions to be valid.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1908835

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1961

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Seebeck demonstrated that there are series of clicks for which Fourier analysis shows a very small fundamental component or none at all, in spite of the fact that a distinct tone complex close to the fundamental component can be heard. Similarly, in a modulated tone, the modulation frequency as such may be heard without being present in the Fourier analysis.This paper shows that on the model of the cochlea the artificial basilar membrane vibrates at the place corresponding to the absent fundamental or the modulation frequency. The vibration seems to be a consequence of the complicated traveling‐wave patterns and their interferences. This may be of interest for some hearing theories.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1908837

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1961

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The decrease in the detectability of a gated sinusoidal signal in noise caused by deliberately introducing uncertainty about the signal's frequency is no greater than 3 db, even in an extreme condition of uncertainty. In this extreme condition the signal duration is 0.1 sec, and the signal frequency is varied between 500 and 4000 cps. This effect is not critically dependent on signal duration. Moreover, the observers not only detect the signal but display at least gross information about the frequency of the signal in the uncertain frequency conditions.Several models, suggested in previous studies, are considered. The magnitude of the decrease observed in the data falls far short of the predictions of these models. An interpretation suggested by the data is that the observers in a detection task, even when a signal of fixed frequency is used, are highly uncertain as to the exact physical parameters of the signal. Another way of stating this assumption is to say that the observer never tests for the presence or absence of a signal on the basis of one simple hypothesis. From this assumption we should expect little decrease in detectability from deliberately introducing frequency uncertainty. This interpretation would suggest the same result would be obtained if time were the major experimental variable.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1908839

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1961

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Three samples of industrial workers were drawn from environments in which continuous, steady‐state noise had average sound pressure levels in the octave bands from 150 to 4800 cps that ranged from 77 to 96 db. Each sample was sub‐grouped according to length of time on job, yielding sub‐samples whose mean times on job (mean exposure time for typical work years) ranged from less than one year to over 25 years. Median hearing levels were calculated for 2000 and 4000 cps for each sub‐sample. Age effect (loss of auditory sensitivity due to aging) corrections were applied to the median hearing‐level values appropriate to the mean ages of the sub‐samples. The resulting values were defined as noise‐induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS). It is shown that: (1) there is a maximum NIPTS produced at 4000 cps which occurs within the initial 10 years of exposure to 8 hr/day exposures of continuous, steady‐state noise of any intensity greater than 70–75 db in the 1200–2400 or 2400–4800 octave bands; (2) the maximum NIPTS values which are produced at 4000 cps are approximately equal to the noise‐induced temporary threshold shift (NITTS) values predicted from the appropriate SPL's of each sample for 8 hr/day exposures; (3) there is no apparent maximum NIPTS occurring at 2000 cps within the exposure ranges studied; and (4) NIPTS for both 2000 and 4000 cps are monotonic functions of exposure time and SPL.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1908841

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1961

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

By time‐compressing the output of a seismometer, it is possible to present seismographic data in an auditory display. Preliminary data suggest that the seismic sounds due to natural earthquakes may be distinguishable from those due to underground explosions. Some functions are presented to indicate how probability of detection varies with amount of initial training and distance of the seismometer from the explosion source. Other applications of auditory displays in the analysis of seismological data are suggested.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1908843

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1961

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Investigators have reported appreciable practice effects for low frequency pure‐tone absolute thresholds and no practice effects for thresholds at higher frequencies. It was suggested that practicing subjects are learning to discriminate between the signal and a low‐frequency physiologic noise. No practice effect was observed at any frequency when thresholds were measured against a background of random noise. This finding would be predicted by the hypothesis advanced. However, efforts to induce a practice effect for a high frequency tone by introducing a faint, high‐frequency narrow‐band background noise were unsuccessful. Implications of the findings are discussed.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1908845

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1961

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The effect of loud sound on the endolymphatic dc potential was studied in both normal and hypoxic animals. When the integrity of the cochlear wall was maintained, the endolymphatic dc potential decreased 5 mv with the onset of sound (1000 cps below 140 db) and recovered immediately when the sound was terminated. At intensities of 140 db and above, the dc potential irreversibly decreased. The effect of sound on the dc potential was the same for both normal and hypoxic animals. A negative dc potential was found in the scala media of hypoxic and dead animals. This potential survived the life span of the post‐mortem microphonics. The positive dc potential returned on termination of hypoxia. Oxygen deprivation resulted in the dc potential decreasing before the microphonics. The possible significance of these findings to the physiology of hearing is discussed.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1908847

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1961

数据来源: AIP