摘要:

The purpose of this critical review is to reevaluate the current experimental literature on fish audition based upon evaluation of structural, physiological and behavioral studies. The specific emphasis of the paper will be to (1) review the recent literature on the psychophysiology of hearing in fishes; (2) look at the subject of fish hearing from the standpoint of auditory mechanisms and their relationship to what is known about hearing in terrestrial vertebrates; and (3) emphasize some questions and areas of research which we feel require more investigation. Based on the data reviewed in the paper we have tentatively concluded that the teleost auditory system is well adapted as a temporal analyzer.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1913496

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1973

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Sound‐transmission‐loss tests in accordance with ASTM E90‐70 were conducted using steel‐stud partitions with a single or double layer of gypsum wallboard on each face of the studs. These test results were used to investigate the effect on the acoustical performance due to number of layers of gypsum wallboard, the installation of cavity absorption of different types and thicknesses, the size of stud, and the thickness of wallboard used. These test results have been summarized in two ways. First, to offer a method of calculating the change in STC due to changes in the components of a partition of known STC ratings. Secondly, a table showing the effect on the TL values due to each of the changes.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1913497

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1973

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Two landscaped offices were used for field studies of the acoustical isolation value of masking noise, absorptive ceilings and partial‐height screens. The occupants of one of the offices were recruited for a subjective study of the relative acceptability of various masking noises. The study showed that this group consistently preferred less noise — a conclusion that contradicts some previous experience. Interviews indicated that the acceptability of masking noise is closely linked to the occupants' activities and the resulting need for privacy. Propagation measurements were made under a flat lay‐in ceiling configuration to determine the effectiveness of screens, ceiling materials and ceiling baffles. The ceiling baffles were not found to be a practical means of ensuring a low ceiling reflection coefficient. The results of the measurements are analyzed in terms of changes in articulation index. Consideration of the area disturbed by a hypothetical speaker emphasizes the importance of small relative changes in articulation index caused by small changes in physical parameters.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1913498

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1973

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

An experiment is described in which perstimulatory loudness adaptation was measured under heterophonic conditions using simultaneous dichotic loudness balance procedures on normal listeners. The adapting signals were 500 and 3000 Hz presented at 70 dB SPL for 12 min, the last 5 min of which involved perstimulatory loudness balances. A tracking technique and the method of constant stimuli were employed. The results indicated that continuous stimulation did not significantly decrease the loudness of the adapting signal. Thus, under test conditions that reduce or eliminate binaural interaction, suprathreshold loudness adaptation is essentially absent for pure‐tone signals of 500 and 3000 Hz at 70 dB SPL.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1913499

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1973

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The interaural time jnd was measured as a simultaneous function of interaural time and interaural amplitude for 500‐Hz tone bursts. It was found that the jnd was smaller when interaural amplitude and interaural time were arranged to produce subjective reinforcement rather than subjective cancellation.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1913500

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1973

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The lateralization model of Masking‐Level Differences (MLDs) asserts that detection in those binaural conditions that produce an MLD is directly related to the perception of lateral space. The model was tested here by obtaining subjective reports of the lateral place of dichotic and diotic signals in noise which were in turn used by an “ideal observer” to determine the discriminability of the two classes of stimuli. The results support the model, showing that an observer using no information other than the lateralization judgments could detect NOSM in the dichotic condition as well as a subject who hear the acoustic stimuli.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1913501

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1973

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Experiments were performed to measure suprathreshold loudness adaptation at 500 Hz using a heterophonic listening condition in order to reduce binaural interaction. The adapting stimulus was presented at 70 dB SPL for 7 min. A long (3000 msec) and a short (300 msec) comparison stimulus were chosen to delineate the possible influence of the duration of the comparison stimulus itself on the magnitude of the loudness change measured. No loudness adaptation was observed during these experimental conditions. We interpret these results as corroborating similar findings in another laboratory indicating essentially no loudness change under perstimulatory test conditions in which binaural interaction is reduced. During the initial experiment an apparent “enhancement” of loudness was observed during the adapting period when a train of short pulses (300 msec each) was used as the comparison stimulus. In a second experiment, results suggested that, in fact, there is a loudness disparity between a pulse train and a continuous signal. For conditions where the loudness of a single short pulse is compared to a continuous signal, however, no loudness disparity was observed.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1913503

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1973

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

The pitch of the residue produced by 6‐ and 12‐component waves whose components were either in cosine or random phase was measured as a function of the frequency region of the components. The components were all of equal amplitude and the frequency spacing between them was 200 Hz. Waves with the same lowest component were found to produce the same pitch: neither the number of components nor the relative phase of the components was important in determining the pitch of the residue. If every component in a wave was a multiple of 200 Hz, the wave produced a 200 Hz pitch; if such a set of components was shifted in frequency by a small amount, there was a corresponding linear shift in the pitch of the residue. When the lowest component in the wave was below about 900 Hz, the slope values associated with the lines relating the pitch shift to the frequency shift varied little from their average value of 0.21. As the lowest component increased from 900 to 2580 Hz the slope values decreased to about 0.08. These findings are in good agreement with the current model of pitch perception based on interpeak durations.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1913504

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1973

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

Evidence is presented which shows that localization aftereffects can be produced not only by an adapting stimulus which has only an intensity differential at the two ears, but also by one which has only a time‐delay differential at the two ears. In general, the displacement of the test stimulus is away from the perceived location of the adapting stimulus. However, exceptions to this rule have been found. It is concluded that the mechanism of these localization aftereffects is not in some final central location corresponding to perceptual space.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1913505

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1973

数据来源: AIP

摘要:

A short review will be given of the types of electret in terms of their electrostatic configuration: dipolar, internal space charge (heteroplar), injected space charge (homopolar), and deposited charge (monopolar). The methods used to make thermo‐, photo‐, electro‐, and surface electrets will be described. The internal fields, short‐circuiting effect, stability, limitation due to air breakdown, charge measurement, charge storage, and trapping levels will be discussed.

ISSN:0001-4966    

DOI:10.1121/1.1913506

出版商:Acoustical Society of America    

年代:1973

数据来源: AIP