ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330611102

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProduction‐integrated environmental protection – commitment of the chemical industry. Production‐integrated environmental protection represents the optimum goal in attempts to reduce the amount of non‐utilisable substances to a minimum by chemical, physical, biological, and chemical engineering improvements in the overall process. This ranges from avoidance and reduction of residues in individual processes to the utilisation of residual substances in other production processes, also outside the perimeter fence. Combustion of organic by‐products with a high calorific value is also included in this concept as thermal utilisation. Only those waste products should be dumped on disposal sites which have no other use and cannot be disposed of by combustion. It is important to note that chemical production cannot exist without emission; it can only approach this ideal more or les

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330611103

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractProduction‐integrated environmental protection – Utilization of residues. Chemical plants as well as coal‐fired powerstations utilize chemical reactions in order to produce materials or energy. Most of these reactions additionally produce gaseous, liquid, or solid residues. It is the main objective of production‐integrated environmental protection to use these residues as suitable feedstocks in order to reduce environmental pollution and lower the consumption of raw materials. Several examples from the BASF Group will show how, by crossing the borders of the respective plant, reasonable solutions for material, or at least energetic, utilization of residues can be achieved. As a result of permanent efforts in production‐integrated environmental protection over many years and despite increasing outputs the emissions of the chemical industry have been continuousl

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330611104

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPractical examples of production‐related environmental protection and volume reduction in residual substances. Minimizing the volume of residual substances produced in chemical production processes is a matter of growing significance. One example is the production of toluylene diisocyanate where HCl gases generated as by‐products are reclaimed by a special HCl electrolysis process and subsequently used in the production of precursors for toluylene diisocyanate. Another example is a combined disposal system for sewage sludge and for a particular chlorine‐laden residue (a chlorinated hydrocarbon). Once this plant had gone on stream it was possible both to reduce considerably the volume of waste to be dumped in the landfill and to discontinue the incineration of the chlorinated hydrocarbon a

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330611105

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThermodynamic evaluation of chemical reactions, illustrated for ammonia synthesis and hydrogen dissociation. Chemical reactions can be evaluated with regard to the efficiency of energy conversion – in the light of the second law of thermodynamics – without any need to introduce a material sink of average composition of the environment as model environment, as required by the exergetic method of evaluation. The method developed is described in this article. It is designed for universal application beyond the bounds of range indicated here so that widely differing cases of energy conversion can be optimised and made comparable, always using the same calculation sch

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330611106

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPhotovoltaic plant. Presently available technologies for production of photovoltaic cells and modules and the principal developments aiming to improve the price/performance structure of the components are described in this article. Considerable attention is devoted to differences between the crystalline silicon cell (thick‐layer technology) and the thin‐layer cell. A description follows of the structure of simple to sophisticated photovoltaic systems of 100 Wp to 20 kWp, as well as the developmental status of the principal system components such as alternating and direct current converters. In the second part, the costs of photovoltaic plant are discussed from a present‐day viewpoint and the costs made comparable with those of conventional generation plant. The special significance of operating cost comparisons instead of those of pure investment costs in the examination of economic applications of photovoltaic systems is empha

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330611107

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330611108

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330611109

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330611110

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330611111

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY