摘要:

AbstractChemical engineering of coal hydrogenation in sump phase reactors. The science of chemical engineering was still in its infancy when the hydrogenation of coal was developed from 1924 onwards at Ludwigshafen, Rhineland. The term backmixing, for example, was unknown. Nevertheless, the scale‐up from a pilot to a production reactor was performed correctly at that time. Even with today's knowledge, the IG Farben sump phase reactors could not have been better designed. Almost four decades have meanwhile elapsed since the cessation of coal hydrogenation in Germany (1945). Nowadays high pressure reactors having more than 50 times the volume of the IG reactors can be produced. Considerable advances have also been made in measurement and control engineering. Hence new chemical engineering questions and solutions arise. If coal hydrogenation is to be performed on a significant industrial scale in 10 to 20 years, this will be economically feasible only by exploiting the possibilities of large reactors having a throughput of 1 to 3 million tons of coal per annu

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540502

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540503

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOpen problems in stirring technology. In this article, an attempt is made to show those problems which still have to be solved largely by empirical methods. The list of problems is by no means complete, and many of them may still not be regarded as a problem by specialists. Nevertheless, the problems of stirring technology are shown in the framework of its development to date in order to indicate possible developments for the near future. Thus greater attention to fluid mechanics (turbulence, non‐Newtonian liquids, large volume flow) could be of advantage. Simplified model concepts which analytically describe at least part of the complex stirring and mixing process are desirable. Departure from frequently uncritical application of dimensional analysis and inclusion of flow mechanics and chemical engineering reasons for ensuring mechanical loads would help to solve many a proble

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540504

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCriteria for the use of decanters. This survey intends to help the chemical engineer having no special prior knowledge to consider the development of a decanter and where appropriate to conduct design experiments with the aid of a producer and a hired machine. In compliance with the various stages involved in process design, the first section relates to general guidelines, the second one to laboratory experiments, and the third one to pilot experiments. The fourth section then summarizes the possible inferences of the individual experiments, and demontrates the gaps in our present knowledge.

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540505

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFacilitating the planning and design of plant for working of bulk solids, as illustrated by pneumatic conveying. Taking the case of pneumatic conveying as an example, the article shows how plant construction companies can achieve considerable simplifications and time saving in the planning and building of plant for working of bulk solids by adopting a systematic approach utilizing card indexes of bulk materials and working diagrams. Companies operating such plant are made aware of the thorough preparation invested in new projects and of the approach adopted and problems encountered in the preparation of tenders. A simple general view of the present state of knowledge can possibly provide impulses for new considerations.

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540506

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFurther treatment of waste water in the chemical industry by use of activated carbon. Biological treatment has proved to be no longer adequate for numerous waste water streams emitted by chemical plants. Some of the pollutants entrained by the waste water feature poor biodegradability, and certain compounds even have a detrimental effect on the microorganisms of the activate sludge. Adsorption by activated carbon is one of the potential methods for eliminating such substances. Explanations refer to the physical phenomena of the process. Adsorption may be performed prior to or after biological treatment. Commercial‐scale plants use granular activated carbon and use an intermittent process (fixed bed) or a continuous process (countercurrent adsorber). Possibilities and aspects are exemplified by plants using this process. Operating results are presented. A recent development combines the biological and adsorptive treatment which is based on the continuous admission of powdered activated carbon into the activated‐sludge basin. Results obtained in a demonstration plant will be discussed. Cost‐effective application of this technology is, however, conditional upon reactivation of spent c

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540507

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWetting and mass transfer in film columns. Calculation of mass transfer in film columns requires a fundamental knowledge about the wetting of the materials comprising the packing bodies. Starting from thermodynamic principles for a description of the solid/liquid interface, methods are discussed which permit an exact calculation of the basic parameters of wetting. It is also shown how the goal of ideal wetting can be approached by choice of material, modification of the surface of the packing bodies, and use of additives. Experience gained with regard to the effect of the various measures on the separation performance leads to conclusions concerning the determination of dimensionless equations for prediction of separation performance.

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540508

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540509

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEngineering design data for agitator vessels as fermentors. The article develops and collects design data for stirring vessels for calculation of mass and heat transfer and the flooding point and stirrer power requirements for aerated liquids. The data refer to low‐viscosity, higher viscosity, and structure viscosity liquids with difering coalescence behaviour. The working data presented are used to derive results for a specific system (air/aqueous solution of carboxymethylcellulose) which illustrate decisive relationships and limitations arising from mass and heat transfer. There results important information for the operation, and choice, and scale‐up of stirred ferment

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540510

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCentrifugal extraction – a literature survey. A survey of the different types of centrifugal extractors is presented. The construction details are given both for the common type of extractor and for less well‐known designs as encountered in the patent literature. The effect of a centrifugal field on hydrodynamics and mass transfer is also discussed theoretically, together with actual experimental measurements and techniques used in pract

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540511

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY