摘要:

AbstractNon‐destructive testing in operation and maintenance of chemical plant. Non‐destructive tests performed in chemical plant while it is in operation or standing idle are intended to give the plant operator the information on the state of the plant that is needed to ensure safety and availability. The scope of such tests and how often they are carried out depend on the condition of the plant and on the weaknesses that have been found in the course of time. The following are described as special examples of the versatile use of non‐destructive test methods: (a) thermographic and ultrasonic checking of the condition of a rotary furnace; (b) observation of spherical ammonia containers to ensure early recognition of cracking; (c) detection of leaks in high pressure plant items having corrosion resistant linings; (d) metallography of structural element subjected to heavy loads for long periods at elevated temperatures; (e) wall thickness measurement of heat exchanger tubes; (f) on‐site gamma radiation analysis of metallic materials with an portable RFA

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580902

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580903

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractContamination in condensers and cooling towers. Considerable changes in thermal performance or the condensation temperature of water‐cooled condensers must always be expected on contamination of the heat exchange surfaces of equipment with high thermal loading. This is practically always the case with water‐cooled condensers of large‐scale steam turbines, whereas air‐cooled condensers on the coolant side work at only low heat flow densities and therefore react much less sensitively to contamination. This article describes relations between contamination and loss of performance in various systems, and commercially available means of prevention and cleaning are indicated. This state of the art description includes measures for cleaning wet and dry cooling

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580904

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580905

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEconomy as a criterion for development, design, and choice of equipment and machines for process steps. The object of this paper is to show how a supplier of individual machines can influence the total costs of a chemical processing plant. This influence is quantified using actual examples based on the development of a product range, the optimizing and matching together of mechanical and thermal separation processes, and the selection of the most suitable types of equipment. Studies show that the products and services of an equipment manufacturer can influence substantially more than just capital investment costs and interest charges with their consequent effects on the annual running costs of a plant. It is possible to reach more economical solutions for important stages in a manufacturing process if the plant designers and the equipment manufacturers work closely together. A too tightly specified enquiry can prevent a manufacturer from offering the technically and economically optimized solution. By involving equipment manufacturers and correctly using their know‐how one can tap a substantial potential for the reduction of plant running cost

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580906

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractImportance of crevices formed between tubes and tube plate for the operational behaviour of heat exchangers. It must be guaranteed by construction and manufacture of heat exchangers that primary and secondary medium are completely separated from each other. When this requirement is fullfilled, the operational use of heat exchangers can be impaired by corrosion reactions within the crevice formed between tube and tube plate which may result in corrosion damage. The various techniques which are in use to connect tubes and tube plate and which are described in the present report, must be valued with respect to the tightness of the connection as well as to the formation of crevices between tubes and tube plate. Corrosion resistant copperbase alloys and stainless steels are the most important materials which are in use for the construction of heat exchangers. The mechanisms of crevice corrosion with unalloyed and low alloy carbon steels, stainless steels, and mixed connections between tube and tube plate with these materials are described in detail. Crevice corrosion may be caused also by the formation of galvanic cells between materials of differing electrochemical response. Furthermore, the concentration of aggressive media in crevices between tubes and tube plate can lead to corrosion damage of heat exchanger tubes. For the service operation of heat exchangers without any hazard of corrosion damage in crevices between tubes and tube plate, such crevices must be avoided by proper construction and manufacture. As a model for suitable measures to avoid crevices, the manufacture of steam generators for PWR's is described.

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580907

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580908

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580909

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580910

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580911

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY