摘要:

AbstractCyclone separators for separation of gas/solids flow systems. Cyclones are used for separation of particles of solids from gas flow. Although cyclones have been in industrial use for nearly a century, it is still impossible to completely calculate the flow processes involved. This contribution deals with the theory of the separation process with separation behaviour, limiting particle size, generation of twist, and pressure drop. The article describes optimization of the cyclone by aerodynamic calculations with the separation performance, energy requirement, and investment costs as parameters. The separation performance and the energy requirements of cyclones are largely determined by the mode of construction and the operating conditions. Cyclones used industrially are discussed.

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540702

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540704

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDesign and scale‐up of crystallizers. Industrial scale crystallizers have to be designed in such a way that the crystalline product has the design particle size distribution, crystal form, and purity. Data on multiphase flow, solubility, balances of mass, energy, and number of crystals, kinetics (crystal growth rate and nucleation rate), and heat transfer are required. The present article discusses problems of kinetics in greater detail than other aspects. Multiphase flow is considered only briefly and heat transfer not at all. Familiarity with the terms homogeneous and heterogeneous (primary) and secondary nucleation [1, 2] is also assumed. This contribution is based on evaluation of available literatur

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540705

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAir supply in binary flow. Air is used almost exclusively as the gas in gas/solids flow systems. At low pressure differences of a plant (Δp≲ 0.5 bar) one speaks of air supply, and at higher pressure differences of compressed air supply. The machines used for supply of the air are fans or compressors. Their characterics should be as steep as possible in order to attain a stable working point in conjunction with the plant. Radial fans are used very frequently because they are inexpensive, reliable, and in some cases passable by the solids; however, they have unfavourable characteristics. Increasing use has recently been made of rotary piston and screw compressors; their characteristics are very steep. Attention must frequently be paid to preparation of the air, and especially drying. The cost of providing the air should be determined as accurately as possible for economic assessmen

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540706

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPipework engineering and chemical engineering. Piping must be included as an essential part of a plant in the chemical engineering design of the process units. The necessary engineering specifications for an appropriate, minimum cost design of pipe systems and the job integration of pipe planning, which demonstrates the strong links between pipework engineering and chemical engineering in the planning and construction of plant, are discussed. The use of computers in pipe engineering began about 12 years ago. Development proceeded via computer mass listings, computer‐plotted isometric drawings, automatic material listings to the contemporary computed plotted flow charts, leading to increasing confrontation of chemical engineers with these programs with repercussions in their work. A report is presented on the development of new systems and on the present state of implementation of these computer methods; the scope and limitations are indicate

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540707

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCitric acid fermentation – biotechnological problems and possibilities of computer control. Citric acid today is produced almost exclusively by fermentation with the moldAspergillus nigeraccording to the surface or submerged process. The application of complex raw materials, like molasses, gives rise to considerable waste water burdens as well as to problems with microbiological process control. In order to gain qualitative and quantitative ideas about the metabolic activities of the mold during citric acid fermentation according to the submerged process production fermentors were equipped with several measuring points for the acquisition of physico‐chemical changes in the medium and with devices for waste air analysis. The measured values were requested in rotation by an on‐line computer and converted to characteristic derivative data. Together with additional analytical laboratory values these data were appropriate for getting a deeper insight into the biochemical events during fermentation. In this way mathematical models could be prepared which supported a better control and optimization of the fermentation course. The knowledge derived from these investigations permitted the extension of the data acquisition and computer system for monitoring and control of all production ferme

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540708

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540709

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540710

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540711

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330540712

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY