摘要:

AbstractCosts of dust removal.The costs incurred in ensuring efficient removal of dust in industrial processes are directly related to current legal regulations. A tightening up of these regulations can necessitate the selection and operation of more highly efficient separators, improvement in the efficiency of dust removal with existing equipment, or the installation of a revolutionary and comprehensive gas cleaning technique. The economic aspects of these alternative approaches are outlined with the aid of three examples taken from different branches of industry. Of paramount importance in all dust collection problems is the “dedusting situation”, defined by the interconnection of production process, dust collector and requisite auxiliaries. There are also further technical and economic parameters. The most important economic parameters are capital investment and operating costs, or total running costs per year. A formula for the computation of annual costs is established and the annual costs for two dust removal techniques are analy

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520502

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNew insights and applications in the electrostatic precipitation of dusts and mists.The introduction deals with the basic design, the mode of operation, and the fields of application of dry and wet type electrostatic precipitators. A few important parameters which influence the migration velocity are discussed. Contrary to what the classical theory states, greater passage widths lead to higher migration velocities of the particles and thus to a higher specific efficiency. The methods for conditioning flue gases of power stations are considered, as are the experimental results obtained in an industrial‐scale SO3conditioning plant. A new field of application is seen in the steel industry through the use of a dry type electrostatic precipitator of special design. New plastic precipitator developments for the chemical industry are discussed, and the articles closes with an account of the efforts invested in developing hot gas precipitators for higher temperatures and pressures in connection with the introduction of new power station concept

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520503

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractOxygen‐consuming cathodes for alkali chloride electrolysis.Considerable energy saving can be accomplished in alkali chloride electrolysis if an oxygen‐consuming cathode is used in place of one liberating hydrogen. An overall cell potential saving of ca. 1 V is possible. In particular, diaphragm cells are suitable for air cathodes owing to the high purity of the catholyte. A possible altenative to the use of an in‐situ air cathode is the use of hydrogen/air fuel cells, such as the phosphoric acid system of United Technologies, for electrochemical utilization of the hydrogen. The operating temperature is then 200 °C at most. The waste heat can be utilized for evaporation of, e.g., diaphragm cell caustic soda; this acid system also requires no prior air purification. However, the gain in energy is only two thirds of that accomplished with an in‐situ cathode. At present, great effort is being invested in the development of favourably‐priced air cathodes with long lifetimes in concentrated caustic soda; apart from platinum, numerous transition metal complexes are being tested for th

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520504

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDevelopment and trends in chlorine dioxide bleaching with integrated chlorate electrolysis for the cellulose industry.Rising demand for cellulose and paper and the environmental measures necessary in this branch of industry compel the companies involved to invest large sums. In particular, waste water from bleaching operations causes difficulties in biological waste water purification owing to high chlorolignin content. The sequence of chlorination steps have been optimized for each quality of wood, and the increasing use of chlorine dioxide leads to an expansion of chlorate electrolysis and chlorine dioxide plant at the expense of chlorine. The consumption of chemicals for the various cellulose qualities is considered. During the past 30 years, the Münchner process for production of ClO2has proved environmentally sound and is being continuously improved. Only hydrochloric acid and water are needed as raw materials. The chlorine formed in this process is converted into hydrochloric acid, hypochlorite, and chlorine water. All steps of the processes require only liquids and gases permitting a favourable, closed mode of operation without by‐products or waste salts. New chlorate cells built since 1969 are equipped exclusively with coated titanium anodes (load between 6 and 100 kA) with DC efficiencies of 92 to 95%. Annual world production of sodium chlorate exceeds 1 million tonnes. The rate of increase has long remained steady at

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520505

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520506

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLiquid membrane technology – A survey of associated phenomena, transport mechanisms, and models.Liquid membrane permeation is the name given to a simultaneous extraction/stripping process. A summary of related phenomena, mass transfer, and models is presented. A new model has been developed to describe mass transfer in liquid membranes, in which the spherical droplets serve as reaction centres. An account of present applications demonstrates the limitations of liquid membrane processe

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520507

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520508

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520509

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520510

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520511

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY