摘要:

AbstractMethods of heat exchange and consequent construction types. The paper first discusses the parameters decisive for the design of heat exchangers and summarizes the design fundamentals. There follows a review of the commonest types of heat exchangers. The various criteria determining the choice of a heat exchanger are considered. Not only technical but also economic criteria have to be taken into account.

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330521102

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIndustrial crystallization – Modern industrial plants and case studies. In the field of mass crystallization a number of advanced plant designs have been implemented in the past decade, and are exemplified in the crystallization of adipic acid and common salt, and in evaporation of aluminate liquor which is susceptible to encrustation. Assessment criteria are, inter alia, product qualities such as the purity achieved and the crystal size distribution, and operation parameters such as the duration of process flow and control behaviour. The significant increase in quality is largely attributable to the crystallizers, which have been optimized above all with regard to the crystal‐size distribution and the duration of product f

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330521103

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMore light products from crude oil – A challenge to the oil industry. A new long‐term pattern of demand for oil is evolving mainly due to the politically limited availability of crude oil and increasing prices. For the Federal Republic of Germany an essentially constant level of demand for naphtha and gasoline is expected with a shrinking demand for distillate and fuel oil. The expected pattern cannot be met by the currently predominating hydroskimming process. Technological possibilities and development of conversion processes are emphasized in this article: Thermal catalytic and hydrocracking as well as hydroconverting for steam cracker feed generation. Increasing importance is predicted for residue cracking. Oil will continue to make a major contribution and the oil industry will be able to keep step with product dem

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330521104

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractImproved cost factor estimation with quantity and man‐hour ratios. Present‐day cost estimation on a multi‐currency basis is becoming more and more complex due to the wild and frequent fluctuations of exchange rates and different inflationary trends in various countries. The preparation of comparatively accurate preliminary cost estimates, based on world‐wide procurement, overseas construction and engineering, became a major problem for companies like badger with international activities. To maintain an acceptable degree of accuracy, the traditional method of cost factor estimation has to be supplemented with a quantity and man‐hour ratio method. Basically, costs are related to quantities; therefore cost ratios can be converted into quantity ratios. Man‐hour ratios originate from the existing relationship between quantities, material costs, and field man‐hours to install these quantities. In this article the value of the Quantity Ratio Method as a tool in these unstable times will be stressed, as well as the added advantages it offers with regard to better cost control and

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330521105

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330521106

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330521107

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330521108

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330521109

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330521110

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330521111

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY