ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330510202

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInterplay of technical specifications and technical developments in the safety of chemical plant.In the planning, construction, and operation of chemical plant requiring close supervision the aims are defined by rules and regulations which refer back to a comprehensive compilation of technical specifications concerning the means by which these aims can be accomplished. These rules were, and are, worked out by business federations in collaboration with occupational and governmental agencies in joint committees. Since both practical experience and fresh knowledge resulting from technical developments are gained in industrial undertakings, the feedback of experience from industry ensuring continuous up‐dating of the technical specifications is of immense importance. Starting from the current state of the art, the expert frequently has to work out solutions to specific problems. Once general conclusions which have proved their value in practice can be derived, they are incorporated in the technical specifications. Such a contribution to safety engineering is illustrated for a pressure vessel. The examples described range from the derivation of reliable criteria for assessing the danger of brittle fracture of high‐strength steel pressure vessels to the development of preventative techniques of nondestructive testing of components. They also incorporate the development of design data for conservative dimensioning of safety valves for frothing mixtures and their safe release into the atmosphere as well as investigation of the pressures expected on explosion of flammable hydrocarbon/air mixtu

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330510203

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSafety considerations in the planning of chemical plant.Viewed from the standpoint of safety engineering the planning of a chemical plant can be defined as follows. Persons and articles of material value are to be protected from thermal, mechanical, and chemical action during the entire lifetime of the plant. Protection must be effective in the plant and in its vicinity. Possible causes of such effects are discussed. Analysis of the causes leads to derivation of the measures to be implemented in order to counter all kinds of failure. A distinction is made between primary or preventive safety measures. They have the aim of avoiding the occurrence of any failure. However, since failure can never be completely ruled out, measures are also outlined which are intended to minimize the consequences of failures. These are called secondary or constructive measures. Various points are considered in detail with the aid of selected examples.

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330510204

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSurveillance and maintenance in chemical plant.The term surveillance covers measures implemented in order to ensure reliable operation of production plant both under normal operating conditions and during breakdowns. They range from training and raising the level of qualification of personnel, via organizational steps, e. g. in the planning of repairs, to special technical devices, their development, their documentation, and promotion of suggestions for improvement. “Maintenance” covers inspection and functional checking of components and measures to ensure their continued functioning. The tasks of workshop staff are treated in order to illustrate systems of continuous inspection, of inspections at fixed or variable time intervals, or inspection according to demand. Personnel and financial costs incurred by BASF at their Ludwigshafen facilities are described, as is the tangible success achie

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330510205

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDischarges resulting from electrostatic charging in large storage silos.A very high electrostatic charge can be generated on pneumatic transport of non‐conducting dusts or granular materials. Charge accumulation in this way can lead to discharges of different kinds and energy density. If elimination of ignition sources is adopted as a means of avoiding explosions and fires, the ability of these discharges to cause ignition must first be examined. The conditions leading to spark and brush discharges and so‐called lightning flashes in large‐volume silos are discussed. Their ability to ignite flammable dust/air mixtures is estimated with the aid of calculations. Furthermore, measures are also discussed for avoiding the occurrence of potentially igniting discharges in solids/air mix

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330510206

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStorage and trans‐shipment of bulk solids in the chemical industry.Theoretical fundamentals of the motion of bulk solids in bunkers were considered in detail at the Annual Meeting of Chemical Engineers held at Karlsruhe in 1975 [1]. The present account will deal exclusively with practical aspects playing a role in the building and operation of storage and trans‐shipment facilities for bulk solids. Various problems encountered are illustrated for some typical bin storage units in the chemical industry. Moreover criteria are mentioned which can assist the design engineer in the correct choice of silo type and suitable materials of construction, and the ascertainment of the right size of silo. Filling and emptying devices are also proposed for differing spatial circumstances and various tasks. Important ancillary equipment such as ladders, platforms, and devices for monitoring filling levels are also treated. A consideration of the principal regulations governing the operation of silo systems is followed by some hints on the transport, erection, and assembly of si

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330510207

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractApplication of risk analysis to the chemical industry.It is surprising that such a well‐established method of investment analysis as risk analysis should find so little use in the chemical industry. A positive feature of risk analysis lies in its ability to influence decision‐making processes prior to their conclusion. Furthermore, it also directs attention to uncertainty factors of a project, which in turn can lead to the development of alternative proposals for risk reduction. The reason for the rather sparse use of this method in the chemical industry probably lies in the facts that former analyses were inadequately executed and that managerial staff regarded risk analysis as a method of locating uncertainties rather than a method for improving decision making. Provision of relevant aids for a comprehensive analytical method and a clear recognition of the inherent advantages should pave the way for wider acceptance of this proced

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330510208

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330510209

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330510210

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330510211

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY