摘要:

AbstractControl systems for production and laboratory. Strengths and weaknesses of contemporary hardware and software, developmental trends and future prospects. The state of the art of control systems in production and laboratory is considered with the aid of some representative examples. The strengths and weaknesses of available control systems are discussed. It is shown that further rationalization in production can only be achieved when the interchange of information between the control layers of production is improved. Also open to considerable improvement is the flow of information in the laboratory and the cross‐flow between laboratory and production. The present development of microelectronics (microprocessors, personal computers, data busses, local area networks (LAN)) will greatly change process control technolog

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330570402

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDimensioning of cooler condensers for partial condensation of vapours from gas‐vapour mixtures. This contribution surveys present knowledge in the field of partial condensation with related hints about dimensioning cooler condensers. In case of an atmospheric and slightly increased pressure and moderate shearing forces of the gas‐vapour mixture on the condensate film being formed, the film theory is sufficient. However, it is necessary to include the Stefan correction for unilateral diffusion. High sharing forces lead to entrainment. The results of the few experimental publications show that the film theory is no longer valid immediately before entrainment is reached. Nor can it be used in the area of high pressure. There are not enough experimentally and theoretically proved correlations for dimensioning so that it is necessary to use empirically found average overall heattransfer coefficients. The use of well‐known correlations to determine limits of entrainment makes it possible to prove whether the film theory is valid or not in every single

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330570403

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSafety analyses for the systematic checking of chemical plant and processes–methods, benefits and limitations. Safety analyses, i. e. systematic procedures for the safety checking of chemical plant and processes, are useful for the completion and optimization of safety concepts. A literature survey of this topic reveals that hitherto procedures proposed can be divided into identifying and evaluating methods and can also be reduced to four basic working principles with a total of eight different methods. These eight main methods are presented using examples and are evaluated with regard to their appropriate use and the limitations which have to be kept in min

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330570404

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMan‐process communication. Computers are extensively used to control technical processes, but man is still irreplacable as observer and decision maker. The paper gives an overview of the channels existing between man and process. These channels have to deliver as much information as necessary, but as little as possible to allow the right decisions. Good models, concerning the production process and its individual phases, the structure of the control system, and the behaviour of man are required to extract the relevant information out of a large amount of data. Methods of signal processing and pattern recognition help to reduce the dimensionality of the active state vector allowing the control system to provide „information”︁ instead of a collection of „signals”︁. The paper also describes the state and future development of important technological aspects, e. g. interactive display systems and real time data

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330570405

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330570407

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTypes of crystallizers. In the industrial application of single mass crystallization from solution clear aims exist with regard to crystallizate qualities. To fulfil these aims, one can choose between various types of crystallizers. Magma types, i.e. agitated tank crystallizer, forced circulation and draft tube (baffle) crystallizer, as well as classifying types with the well‐known Oslo‐crystallizer belong to the present state of the art. The rates of secondary nucleation decrease in the same sequence as that given above and the possibilities of influencing crystal size distributions increase, and coarser crystals are producea

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330570408

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330570409

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330570410

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330570411

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330570412

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY