摘要:

AbstractCoalescence problems in chemical processes. Separation of liquid/liquid dispersions is a process step which often gives rise to considerable difficulties on an industrial scale. A number of selected examples taken from chemical processes demonstrates where phase separations occur, the consequences they may have, and what industrially practicable methods are available for their solution. The problem analysis presented starts from the mechanism of generation of the dispersion and leads to a qualitative characterization of the various coalescence problems without presuming any knowledge of the droplet spectrum. This procedure acquires important knowledge from an assessment of prior process steps. Measures for improvement are deduced from the causes of poor phase separation: modification of physical properties, change of dispersion, use of mechanical separation aids (packings, coalescing filters), application of an electrical field, centrifuges and hydrocyclones, coalescence‐promoting chemical additives. Industrially applicable methods are reported for design of equipment for implementation of these approache

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580602

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCleaning of equipment and piping. There has been an increase in the study of the causes of contamination and its appearance in equipment and piping. The increasing demands placed on the cleanliness of production plant for pharmaceutical and biochemical products has enhanced interest in industrial cleaning methods. Precisely this area will increase in importance in the future because this is where preventative measures and automation of cleaning will obviate the need for – frequently unpleasant – cleaning operations and at the same time effectively increase the capacity of a given pl

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580603

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractKinetics of aerobic waste water treatment by degrading organic compounds and by nitrification. Both aerobic degradation of organic substances and nitrification can be described by the double substrate kinetics ofMonod; dissolved organic material and ammonium or nitrite are the first substrate and oxygen the second one. The determination of the different kinetic coefficients by evaluation of measurements on a laboratory scale is explained first, and known results are then presented and discussed. Finally, it is demonstrated by two examples, viz. the simultaneous oxidation of carbon and nitrogen compounds and oxygen‐limited substrate removal, how reaction kinetic models can be used to obtain important information about the characteristics of the bioreaction

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580604

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFormation of deposits from liquid foods on heated surfaces during heating and evaporation. In the past, deposit formation on heated surfaces in food processing has been investigated by considering the whole of the deposited material. This precluded reaction kinetic studies and it was therefore impossible to introduce preventive measures. However, ultrafiltration of milk and whey has now furnished model systems in which deposit formation by proteins and salts can be studied separately. The tendency for deposit formation of proteins is similar to the denaturation reaction of whey proteins. The heat sensitive native proteins in the liquid are deposited preferentially on surfaces already covered with reactive proteins. The deposition of milk salts is determined by the degree of supersaturation of the solution. For milk salts deposition, an activation energy was found which is typical for diffusion processes.

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580605

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580606

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580607

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580608

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580609

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580610

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330580611

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY