ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620602

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDevelopment of a petrochemical process from laboratory scale tests to a commercial plant.A plant producing TAME (tertiary amyl methyl ether) and isoamylene serves as an example illustrating the development of a petrochemical process from laboratory scale tests to a commercial size plant. TAME is an anti‐knock compound used in unleaded gasoline, and isoamylene is a multi‐purpose specialty chemical. In an introduction, the laboratory and pilot plants at EC Erdoelchemie GmbH in Cologne, Germany are presented. Subsequently the main process engineering developments made through experience gained with a semicommercial demonstration plant are discussed. These include optimization of the reactors, design of a methanol extraction unit, and the separation of TAME and high purity isoamylene in specially designed distillation towers. The high degree of coordination during the experimental testing phase to match the requirements of the basic and detail engineering allowed the commercial plant to be started up without expensive modifications within 4 years. The resulting savings overcompensate the costs of the semicommercial pl

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620603

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMeasuring and metering technology in the operation of mini‐plants.The technology of measuring and metering in mini‐plants differs considerably from that in production plants. The number of measuring points is greater, the process control system has to be more flexible, and the actuators, sensors, and metering devices require small construction methods. Examples taken from the author's experience serve to illustrate this situat

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620604

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620605

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMechanical activation of solids.The main reasons why solids are comminuted are to decrease particle size, to create new free surfaces, and to increase reactivity of solids. In most cases, the comminution process is connected with crystal lattice transformations. A part of the energy supplied increases the energy level of the lattice. Consequently, a new theory of the energy balance of comminution processes is given and verified by experiments. It is shown, by some examples, that the individual mill parameters as well as the different mill types lead to characteristic changes of the crystal lattice of solids. Energy input by comminution is of great importance because it mainly influences the attainable degree of mechanical activation of solids.

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620606

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractShifting values: Presentation of technology in the media and popular understanding of technology.The leading dailies and weeklies in the Federal Republic presented technology very positively in the mid‐sixties and very negatively in the mid‐eighties. More or less, this is true for all types of technology. Contrary to a widespread belief, the revaluation of technology already started at the end of the sixties. This, however, was not recognized at first because technology was only rarely covered in the press. There was no relationship worth mentioning between the presentation of consequences of technology and real developments. Therefore, the changes in presentation cannot be explained by changes in the reality presented. They are rather caused by changes in the journalists' perceptions of technol

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620607

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTrends in the use of real‐time computers for research and development in industrial chemistry.Computers are integral parts of the complex equipment of chemical production plants. They are tools for computer aided process control. In production plants as well as in research and development laboratories, dedicated computer systems are used more and more. E. g., nearly all measuring devices will be controlled by their own microprocessors in the near future. In chemical engineering, however, the most significant developments are taking place in the software domain. The main trend in applications‐software developments is the enhanced importance of the support of the plant operators by means of improved user interfaces. Within the research and development field, the software must be more flexibly adaptable to changes in the process equipment and due to changing control algorithms than in production plants. Moreover, efforts are being made to improve control by exploiting as much as possible a priori knowledge on the system in question. A current development in this direction, which will become stronger with time, is known under the heading „expert systems”︁, in which heuristic know‐how of operators is made available and usable in process computers to impr

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620608

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620609

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620610

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620611

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY