ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330671202

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHydrogels are crosslinked macromolecules in which at least part of the network consists of hydrophilic groups. Hydrogels are widespread in nature; for example, plant and animal tissues consist mainly of hydrogels. They are becoming increasingly important in chemical engineering, e. g. as ion excahngers, in gel chromatography, and for dewatering. Hydrogels swell or shrink in aqueous solutions. Such swelling equilibria are the basis for most of their applications. This article surveys the applications and also the swelling behaviour of hydrogels. It covers both the termodynamic principles and methods for correlation of experimentally determined swelling equilibria for nonionic and ionic hydrogels. The swelling of a hydrogel results from the interplay of intermolecular interactions in aqueous, partly ionic polymer solutions on the one hand and elastic properties of polymeric networks on the other. It ist therefore hardly surprising that it is presently impossible to quantitatively predict phase equilibria and the swelling behaviour of such hydrogels from a few basic data. However, it is possible to describe the swelling of hydrogels with straightforward approaches reported in the literature if a number of the parameters of these approaches are adapted to experimentally determined swelling data.

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330671203

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn the series of environmental protection measures avoidance‐utilisation‐disposal the greatest priority in the chemical industry is given to the first, particularly since it is the chemical reaction which predetermines the nature and extent of subsequent work‐up steps and the environmental burden. This reactor‐integrated environmental protection leads to a process reappraisal which is divided into searches for alternative synthetic routes, reactants, reaction media, and catalysts. However, one of the principal tasks concerns reexamination of the thermodynamics and kinetics, not only to ensure optimised concentration and temperature control but also to examine the possibility of integrating separation operations during the course of reaction with the aim of shifting equ

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330671204

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe eco audit directive of the Europen Union (EEC 1836/93) requires that a company applying for certification should lay open its environmental policy, install enviromental management, and conduct an internal environmental analysis. It can be demonstrated that the investments required to eliminate weak points is often recovered within a few years owing to savings relating to energy and fresh an waste water. The same can be expected for other sectors of industry. A prerequisite is a holistic approach and integration of the measures adopted into the production line. Selective separation processes play a special role in practical application of the information acquired.

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330671205

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn spite of industrial growth in the western states of the Federal Republic of Germany, considerable advances have been made in clean air maintenance since the 1950s. Contributions came from improved waste air purification processes, appropriate legislation, and a broad‐based industrial implementation of primary and additive measures for waste gas avoidance or purification. Particularly in the area of environmental protection, the need for constructive collaboration between the state, university research, and industry is very clear. Knowledge gained from fundamental research at universities is an important resource for industry, particularly when such university research stays mindful of the problem solutions and innovations required in practice. At the Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics at the University of Karlsruhe a number of very important and fundamental research projects in the area of particle separation and waste gas purification were undertaken in recent years by F. LÖFFLER and coworkers. These clearly show how appropriate fundamental research work can provide valuable contributions to the understanding and further development of processes. As Chairman of the GVC Specialist Committee „Particle Separation – Exhaust Gas Purification”︁ for many years, F. LÖFFLER made exemplary contributions to a successfull dialogue between university research a

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330671206

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330671207

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330671208

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330671209

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330671210

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330671211

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY