摘要:

AbstractCriteria for the assessment of ignition hazards due to electrostatically charged liquids. The state of the art in the assessment of ignition hazards due to static electrification of liquids is reviewed. Starting from the physical problems of the electrification of streaming or sprayed liquids, the charge accumulation and resulting electrical fields and potentials as well as the question of incendivity of the different types of gas discharges occurring as a consequence of the highly charged liquid, the criteria are presented which allow the assessment of the ignition hazard in practically relevant cases such as tank filling with chargeable liquids, charging resulting from stirring processes and charging of liquid sprays during tank cleaning with liquid jets.

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330550602

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUse of information technologies in chemical engineering (state of the art and trends). Information saves energy, time and money. Data processing has developed very rapidly within recent years. The number of data bases and their volumes have multiplied. An end‐user is initially confused when choosing a new system suitable for his purpose. At the chemical engineer's disposal are computing performance, data bases about special literature and physical properties, CAD for designing, process computers improve the running of production plants, simulations by computer and programmes, respectively, help to solve development problems without incurring any risk, thus lowering costs, and the new personal computers are programmable directly at the job. Engineers are still not as familiar with word processing and office communication as commercial people are. Steadily increasing speed of data transmission and higher data density reduce costs, e. g. by public data nets like EURONETor DATEXor private so‐called „inhouse nets”︁. The commercial use of „Bildschirmtext”︁ and „Videotext”︁ has been started. Information about the new facilities enables the chemical engineer to choose the most effective

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330550603

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractModern methods of measurement and control engineering and their significance for the automation of chemical engineering processes. This article demonstrates that modern system‐theoretical methods open up new approaches in the solution of difficult measurement and control problems. These methods are frequently based on the assumption that a certain a priori knowledge of the process behaviour is available, which can be formulated as a mathematical process model. Model‐supported measuring procedures are of particular significance and are discussed at length. These methods greatly enhance the information value of measured values, with regard to both extent and reliability. It is shown how the problem of early recognition of dangerous reaction states in reactors in the case of exothermic reaction can be overcome. In order to minimize the computational effort, methods of model reduction are conside

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330550604

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSeparation of gas mixtures by adsorption. Gas mixtures are separated primarily by absorption and rectification. Rectification requires at least (v+ 1)‐fold of the enthalpy of the distillate as heat energy (vis the reflux ratio). In the case of absorption, the resulting solution is frequently subjected to thermal regeneration with the energy requirement depending inter alia on the boiling point of the solvent. In view of the high energy requirements of these processes and the development of new adsorbents, possibilities of separating by adsorption with subsequent regeneration of the adsorbents, above all by change in pressure, are investigated. The separation of gas mixtures in adsorber beds (e.g. molecular sieves, silica gel, activated charcoal and coke, or alumina) depend upon various separating effects: steric effects, equilibrium effects, kinetic effects. A survey is given of proposed and practical industrial separation processes utilizing adsorptio

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330550605

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330550606

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractInfluence of binary phase flow regimes on the action of sieve plates. Recognition of various flow regimes on sieve plates has greatly enhanced our understanding of the mode of action of these plates. When vapour flow dominates the liquid is dispersed into drops; this is the so‐called „droplet regime”︁. In a second principal regime, liquid flow predominates and the vapour is dispersed into small bubbles; this is the „emulsion regime”︁. A transition region exists between these two principal regimes; it is called the „mixed regime”︁. The present paper attempts to demonstrate the relations between the flow regimes and the characteristics of sieve plates. It considers the structure of the binary phase layer, flow over the weir, axial mixing, entrainment of liquid, maximum loading (floodi

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330550607

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRadiodiagnostics – yes in medical applications, no in process engineering? A critical comparison. There is no doubt that to date medicine has profited most from the application of radiation. There are indeed applications in engineering, including in process engineering, but if one compares the vast field of medical radiodiagnostics, including the important area of computer tomography, to the transmission measurements relying on the same fundamental principles of measurement and employed in engineering, e.g. in the determination of the density of a material, enormous differences can be found as regards both the quantity and the quality of such measurements. This becomes even more apparent if one compares the localization and functional examinations in nuclear medicine to the functional tests performed on process equipment or processes with the help of radiotracers. Whilst today diagnosis with radionuclides is quite commonplace in any major hospital, radiotracer techniques are used but rarely, if at all, in apparatus and process engineerin

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330550608

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330550609

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330550610

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330550611

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY