摘要:

AbstractChoice of polymerization reactors. Industrial syntheses of polymers always yield a highly complex product whose adequate characterization often requires application‐oriented tests in addition to chemical and physical parameters. In contrast to the synthesis of low‐molecular mass substances subsequent corrections, e. g. by distillation or crystallization, are usually impossible. Extremely detailed reaction control is of paramount importance.Polyreactions can be classified according to kinetic aspects (monomer linkage with and without termination reaction, linkage of polymers). Apart from homogeneous bulk polymerization, there are the heterogeneous processes of precipitation‐, bead‐, and emulsion‐polymerization. The polymerization reactors can be assigned to the known ideal types (batch reactor, continuous plug flow reactor, series of stirred tanks, and continuous stirred tank reactor). High viscosity often thwarts thorough mixing in bulk polymerization and segregation may occur.The article surveys the variants of the reactor types used for various polyreactions and polymerization processes in industry and examines the reasons for this choice. Most commonly used is the batch reactor, followed by the cascade of stirred tanks. Continuous polymer‐linkage (polycondensation, polyaddition) is frequently performed in a series of several different kinds

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520602

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFirst remote‐controlled, fully automated ethylene compressor plant in Germany. The Hoechst company has been operating an ethylene pipeline between Cologne and Frankfurt‐am‐Main since 1960. The capacity of this pipeline had to be increased from 250 000 t/a to 350 000 t/a, and this is why a remote‐controlled fully automated ethylene intermediate compressor came into operation in 1978. The unmanned station was constructed as a grass roots project with ancillary and safety displays and is controlled and monitored from an 80‐km distant control desk. Compression is by two piston compressors arranged in parallel, with each one accounting for 50% of the throughput capacity. Particular attention was paid to the safety concept of the station. All interlocking systems necessary and possible manual operations are permanently wired. The start‐up and shut‐down programs are located in a freely programmable control system. Such stations can be constructed from prefabricated units in inacc

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520603

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHeat transfer in agitated vessels with multiphase systems. Heat transfer behaviour in agitated vessels with gas liquid, liquid liquid, solid liquid, and solid gas systems is analysed and presented on a similarity theory basis. Experimental results and proposed methods of calculation given in the literature are compared critically; the subject of scaling‐up is also dealt with. The present paper is restricted to simple multiphase systems with Newtonian and non‐Newtonian flow behaviour. In the case of complex multiphase systems, as are often met with in practice, i e. systems with kneadable or pasty consistency with significant separation, creaming, or settling phenomena, or with a tendency to incrustate, further investigations are necessary, taking into consideration the results already given in the literature. Working equations presently available for the calculation of indirect heat transfer in agitated vessels with gas/liquid, liquid/liquid, solid/liquid, and gas/solid systems have been collected in tables; these can be ordered from the „Lehrstuhl für Thermische Verfahrenstechnik”︁, Universität Dortmund, Postfach 500 500, D‐460

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520604

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMethanization of carbon monoxide‐rich gases for energy‐transport. The partners of the NFE project (Nukleare Fernenergie, Remote nuclear energy) – Kernforschungsanlage Jülich GmbH (Germany) and Rheinische Braunkohlenwerke AG, Köln (Germany) – in collaboration with Haldor Topsøe A/S, Copenhagen (Denmark), have investigated various problems of the methanization of synthesis gases rich in carbon monoxide. Preliminary results obtained from trial operations with the pilot‐scale methanization plant ADAM I at KFR Jülich and from the catalyst‐development project at Haldor Topsøe A/S are reported. A detailed account is given of the catalyst investigations carried out on the Haldor Topsøe pilot plant for the further development of the TREMP process for SNG manufacture and of the complementary catalyst investigation in the NFE project at the Union Rheinische Braunkohlen Kraftstoff AG and the Kernforschungsanlage Jülich GmbH for the optimization of the methanization process in the remote energy system EVA‐ADAM. In the pilot plant ADAM I, a three‐stage methanization process with product gas recycling and maximum temperature of 600 °C utilizing synthesis gas from methane vapour reforming (EVA) has been demonstrated for the first time. In further experiments to be carried out with ADAM I the influence of operating irregularities on the behaviour of the methanization plant and the dynamics of the remote energy system will be investigated, data for the preparation of mathematical models collected, new components tested, and the process of

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520605

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520606

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520607

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520608

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520609

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520610

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330520611

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY