ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620702

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDesign criteria for electrostatic de‐emulsifiers.Electrostatic de‐emulsifiers have been successfully used over many years for desalting of crude oil. The emulsions used for this application are rather unstable and break down easily. Different equipment and conditions are required for highly stable emulsions, such as are used for liquid membrane permeation. To permit use of higher field strengths without danger of short circuiting this new equipment must be fitted with insulated electrodes, with preference being given to glass‐insulated liquid electrodes. An important feature is also a defined distance between the electrodes which are arranged in concentric manner to increase the de‐emulsification rate. The rate of de‐emulsification can also be increased by using high frequency (10 kHz) instead of the usual low frequency (50 Hz) alternatin

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620703

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSafety of pressure vessels by means of measurement and control engineering – an alternative to pressure release.The practice of safety engineering shows that pressure release devices are appropriate or reasonable for only a small portion of the reactions requiring safety assurance measures. One reason is that there is not always an unequivocal relationship between pressure and the factors temperature and concentration which influence the reaction rate. Such a relationship is necessary for reliable pressure release. In addition, environmental protection requires that vapours and liquids leaving the reactor be condensed and collected. Devices used in process control engineering represent alternatives to pressure release systems. They are intended to prevent systems from reaching impermissible operating states. However, this requires very accurate process analysis, for any unrecognized deviation from the correct value of a safety‐relevant process variable could make a safety concept based solely on process control engineering ineffect

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620704

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUnusual cyclone separators.Conventional cyclone separators are seldom suitable for dust cleaning of gases according to present standards. The reason is secondary flow within the body disturbing the process of separation based on elementary cyclone theory. This can be avoided by special design of the cyclone e. g. geometry of the separation chamber, the position of openings, flow guides within the cyclone, dimension and geometry of the bin, bleeding and bypass of the gas, switching of cyclones, and means for dust agglomeration.

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620705

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFormation of solids by crystallization and precipitation.Formation of solids from solutions can take place by crystallization or precipitation. The principal factor is the relationship between solubility and supersaturation. In crystallization, the solubility of the crystallising substance is so high that the formation of solids occurs largely in the metastable zone in the immediate vicinity of the solubility limits. Crystal growth and nucleation are functions of supersaturation. If a high supersaturation is required at low substance‐specific growth rates for an adequate crystal growth, high nucleation rates and hence small crystals will result. On this basis, the authors present information for the specific design of crystallization processes. In contrast, the solubility of the precipitated product must be very low for precipitation. Direct crystal formation is possible only for substance systems of high solubility. As a rule, however, the precipitated substance is so insoluble that solids are formed via amorphous intermediates. The results of a large number of experiments show the influence of various parameters of the precipitation process on the filtrability of the precipitated produc

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620706

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620707

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620708

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620709

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620710

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0009-286X    

DOI:10.1002/cite.330620711

出版商:WILEY‐VCH Verlag    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY