摘要:

Evidence is presented for multiple components in the distribution of human fatness across several large twin samples, after removing age effects and allowing for residual skewness in component distributions. The upper component distributions corresponded to overweight or obesity in samples of middle-aged or older individuals. A bivariate analysis demonstrated that, while monozygotic co-twins appeared to be drawn from the same component distributions (normal or overweight), the twin correlations varied across components, with the lowest correlation in the overweight group. While these analyses cannot provide a definitive test of competing genetic and environmental hypotheses, this approach is useful for generating hypotheses about the causes of obesity. When combined with other published literature, our results suggest that the genetic background largely determines the propensity to become obese. Whether a predisposed person becomes obese and the extent of obesity depend on environmental exposures that are largely independent of early family experience. Both genes and environment appear to be important in obesity, but it appears that some genotypes may be much more sensitive to the environment than are others.

ISSN:0001-5652    

DOI:10.1159/000153848

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1989

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In blood samples from a Hindu population of Uttar Pradesh (North India) and from two Muslim groups, one from Andhra Pradesh (South India) and the other from Gujurat (West India), frequencies of 38 HLA-A, -B and -C antigens were investigated. Eight antigens – A23, A25, A29, A32, Bw45, B21, Bw22 and Bw53 – were absent in the Hindu population, four different antigens – A29, Bw52, B14 and Bw42 – were absent in Hyderabad Muslims, two antigens – A31 and Bw45 – were lacking in Surat Muslims. The three populations showed considerable genetic heterogeneity. The genetic difference between the two Muslim groups was small, but the Hindu population showed pronounced differences from each of the Mu

ISSN:0001-5652    

DOI:10.1159/000153849

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1989

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A new deficient glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) variant, G6PD Thessaloniki, which was found in the red blood cells of a 70-year-old woman who had idiopathic myelofibrosis, is described. G6PD Thessaloniki had a low Michaelis constant (Km) for G6P (20 µM), high Km for NADP (10.1 µM), normal pH optimum, reduced heat stability, decreased electrophoretic mobility (96–98 % of the normal), increased 2-deoxy-G6P and decreased galactose 6-phosphate utilization. Several other enzymatic activities measured in the patient’s red blood cells were normal. Studies of red blood cell survival and glucose utilization gave evidence of haemolysis caused by defective glucose utilization by the pentose phosphate pathway. The only son of the patient had normal G6PD in his red blood cells. In an attempt to investigate the origin of G6PD Thessaloniki, heat stability tests of G6PD extracted from the patient’s skin have been pe

ISSN:0001-5652    

DOI:10.1159/000153850

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1989

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

C6 and C7 types were studied in 158 Japanese patients with different types of chronic glomerulonephritis: 75 patients with IgA nephropathy (IgA-N); 49 patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN), and 34 patients with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). There were significant differences in the C6 and C7 allele and phenotype frequencies between the patient groups and controls. A strong association was found between IgA-N and C7 5 phenotype (p < 0.001, RR = 12.71), and between MCNS and C7 5 phenotype (p < 0.001, RR = 14.20). A significant association between MCNS and C6 B2 phenotype (p < 0.05, RR = 2.42) was also found. In the IMN patient group, a significant association with C7 4 phenotype (p < 0.05, RR = 2.42) was observed. Thus, C6 and C7 phenotypes may be causative factors in the development of chronic glomerulonephritis.

ISSN:0001-5652    

DOI:10.1159/000153851

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1989

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A subgroup of 351 subjects with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing were available from the Framingham Heart Study for analyses to identify associations with obesity. The subjects consisted of 143 males and 208 females aged 58–88 years at the 15th biennial examination in 1978. The obese classification was based on maximum body mass index (BMI) over the 16 available biennial examinations of the Framingham Heart Study. The subjects were classified as obese if they exceeded the 95th percentile of BMI for 20- to 29-year-old subjects as described in the NHANES II study; males were obese if BMI > 31.1 and females were obese if BMI > 32.3. There were 27 obese males (18.9%) and 44 obese females (21.2%) in the sample. Gene frequencies were compared between the nonobese and obese groups for the pooled sample as well as by sex. Among alleles previously shown to be related to obesity, HLA Bw35 appeared to be more frequent in obese females but these data did not confirm a difference for the B18 or Cw4 alleles. More importantly, HLA Aw30 was found to be significantly higher among the obese subjects in both males and females. Further analyses adjusting for potential confounding variables reduced the estimated relative risk for obesity for subjects with the Bw35 allele to approximately 1.30 and no longer significant for this sample size. In contrast, the relative risk for Aw30, while reduced, remained significant after adjustment for confounding variables. Based on these data, individuals with the Aw30 allele have a relative risk of 2.61 for obesity. Methodological issues appear to influence these analyses and may account for differences among previous studie

ISSN:0001-5652    

DOI:10.1159/000153852

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1989

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

For the purpose of applying DNA fingerprinting to paternity testing, we established a general formula to calculate the probability of paternity and evaluated the ability of DNA fingerprinting to determine paternity.

ISSN:0001-5652    

DOI:10.1159/000153853

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1989

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Thin-layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing over the pH range 3.5–5 followed by immunoblotting was used to investigate the occurrence and frequency of genetic variation in corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG). Plasma samples from US Caucasians (n = 105) and US Blacks (n = 106) from Pittsburgh, Pa., Canadian Indians from Vancouver Island (n = 91) and Nigerian Blacks (n = 116) were analyzed. A complex isoprotein pattern was observed in all individuals tested. Reduction of this pattern to a single primary band following neuraminidase treatment indicates that the observed intraindividual variation is due to variation in the number of sialic acid residues associated with CBG. The CBG variant pattern consisted of a series of isoprotein bands having the same mobility as the common pattern, and a second series of bands at a more acidic isoelectric point. This pattern is consistent with heterozygosity for a rare CBG allel

ISSN:0001-5652    

DOI:10.1159/000153854

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1989

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Allele frequencies for four restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein A-I gene locus and one restriction fragment length polymorphism of apolipoprotein A-II gene locus were determined in more than 100 North American whites and are reported herein.

ISSN:0001-5652    

DOI:10.1159/000153855

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1989

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Restriction fragment length polymorphism of human salivary α-amylase after cleavage with restriction endonucleases PstI and BamHI was studied in a population from eastern Japan. Among 40 unrelated individuals, the frequencies of the 5.7-and 6.5-kilobasepair fragment alleles were 0.487 and 0.513, respectively

ISSN:0001-5652    

DOI:10.1159/000153856

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1989

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The red blood cell esterase D (ESD) polymorphism was studied by means of IEF in a North-East Spanish population (Barcelona). Gene frequencies in 430 unrelated individuals were ESD*1: 0.888, ESD*2: 0.091 and ESD*5: 0.021. Our data confirm previous results showing that ESD*5 occurs in polymorphic frequency and has a Caucasian origin.

ISSN:0001-5652    

DOI:10.1159/000153857

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1989

数据来源: Karger