摘要:

AbstractA Mobile Profiler System is being developed to provide operational users with atmospheric soundings in near to real time. The reduction of refresh time from the 2 to 12 hours of traditional rawinsonde systems to as short as 3 to 5 minutes should considerably reduce errors caused by time staleness. The mobile profiler combines a small satellite receiver and processor with ground‐based remote‐sensing systems and a portable meteorological ground station. Ground‐based systems include a 924 MHz radar wind profiler, a radio acoustic sounding system for virtual temperature, and a multi‐channel microwave radiometer for virtual temperature and total water vapour and liquid water content. Satellite soundings contain temperature, dew point and the derived variables of wind speed and direction. This paper describes the mobile profiler, provides a very brief outline of the combined sounding technique and presents some results from field tests. Comparisons with rawinsonde soundings nearly coincident in space and time provide an indication of the accuracy of the system. For the merged soundings, average standard deviations and means for virtual temperature were about 1.5 to 2.0 K and ±0.5 K, respectively. Preliminary results for wind speed suggested values consistent with those reported in the literature, but were inconclusive for wind d

ISSN:1350-4827    

DOI:10.1002/met.5060020201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA sequence of infrared and water vapour images from Meteosat are used in this short article to display some of the features associated with the development of a North Atlantic cyclone. Lightning reports are shown in conjunction with the imagery to reveal a connection between the formation of thunderstorms and a region of dry air seen in the water vapour pictures. These thunderstorms break out on the leading edge of this dry air near the low centre and along the forward edge of the associated trailing cold front.

ISSN:1350-4827    

DOI:10.1002/met.5060020202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA comparative trial between the Met. Office and Oceanroutes to predict road surface temperatures for a motorway site in Cumbria was held in the spring of 1994. Hourly data for 26 nights when the minimum road surface temperature was equal to or less than 5 °C have been analysed and the results show no significant difference between the accuracy of the forecast for the two organisations. An end‐user specification for road weather forecast providers is also present

ISSN:1350-4827    

DOI:10.1002/met.5060020203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Federal Public Health Department in Switzerland has collected asthma data, amongst other epidemiological data, since 1988. According to these data there are two major peaks in asthma attacks each year: one is around May‐June and corresponds to the appearance of grass pollen whereas the other peak is around November and partly corresponds to the invasion of cold air. Also, there are some minor peaks in March‐April that correspond with the appearance of birch pollen and one in December or January that is probably partly induced by seasonal virus infections. It is found that the release and transport of grass and birch pollen are affected by the mean temperatures. Further investigations will be required to show whether meteorological models could be used to make pollen forecasts. This in turn could form the basis of asthma forecasts for medical doctors and hospitals (so that they could organise their resources) and for the public (so that they could control their use of medici

ISSN:1350-4827    

DOI:10.1002/met.5060020204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwo methods based on the Weibull distribution were used to estimate the extreme wind speeds, with recurrent intervals of 50 and 100 years, from short‐period data. Three years of data were separated into periods of one, two and three years. For each period we applied the least‐squares fit method and the mean wind speed and the standard deviation method, and estimated the extreme wind speeds. Also, we used the classical method of moments to estimate the extreme speeds from the three years of data. The extreme wind speeds estimated by these two methods were found to be in agreement with those processed by the classical method of mome

ISSN:1350-4827    

DOI:10.1002/met.5060020205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract‘Thermal mapping’ is the name given to the measurement of the variation in road surface temperatures across a region on winter nights. The method involves the use of infrared thermometers and data loggers mounted in modified vehicles. The signal recorded by the data logger is composed of two parts: that due to the road surface temperature and that due to error. Because relative temperature differences, as opposed to absolute temperatures, are important for thermal mapping, a low pass filter to remove or reduce high‐frequency errors or ‘noise’ is required. This paper examines the required features of such a filter and tests the applicability of one such filter with a thermal mapping data set. The results show that high‐frequency noise may be reduced without losing the spatial resolution necessary to detect cold spots in the road network. It is also demonstrated that in order to achieve this goal, a sufficiently high spatial resolution of raw observations

ISSN:1350-4827    

DOI:10.1002/met.5060020206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper focuses attention on the weather sensitivity of the food and drinks sector within the UK retail and distribution industry. The potential benefits to accrue from the application of meteorological knowledge are evaluated in light of current advances in retail information systems and management. Subsequently, the viability of using weather forecasts in operational decision‐making is discussed from both the meteorological and industrial standpoint

ISSN:1350-4827    

DOI:10.1002/met.5060020207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA preliminary study has been made to see if satellite images in real time can aid forecasting of road‐surface temperatures in the county of Devon, UK. Under steady synoptic conditions, linear tracking of large cloud masses produced forecasts of nocturnal minimum road temperatures to within ±0.5 °C of the measured values at widely spaced stations. The study highlights some of the problems facing the operational forecas

ISSN:1350-4827    

DOI:10.1002/met.5060020208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThough the monsoon is basically a wind phenomenon, the onset and withdrawal of the monsoon over India are determined by the India Meteorological Department on the basis of rainfall alone. However, its onset and withdrawal should also be associated with the seasonal wind changes. It is proposed in this paper that the withdrawal of the monsoon from any locality should be identified with the end of the last westward‐moving rainstorm of the season which is accompanied by the monsoon westerlies. Using this definition, the average withdrawal dates have been determined from the daily synoptic charts as well as from the mean cumulative rainfall curves. It was possible to segregate the north‐east monsoon rains from the south‐west monsoon rains in the present analysis and arrive at the proper dates of withdrawal. There are large differences in the dates of withdrawal arrived at in this study and those conventionally followed by the India Meteorological Department. The differences are mainly over (i) the east coast of the south peninsula, (ii) north‐east India, (iii) north‐west India and (iv) the Sub‐Himalayan region, and are due to the fact that for the conventional dates the rains due to the north‐east monsoon and the western disturbances were not treated adequately. It was found that the period of the summer monsoon varies over India from two months in the north‐west to six months in the extreme south. Hitherto, June to September has been considered as the period of monsoon rains for th

ISSN:1350-4827    

DOI:10.1002/met.5060020209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA computerised procedure has been developed for helping meteorologists produce a monthly characterisation of tropical weather. Inputs are a regional value of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) from the TIROS/NOAA satellites and a rainfall amount from a local raingauge within the region, both for a given month and year. OLR has been incorporated to help complete information conveyed by the rainfall because this is influenced by short‐period episodes responsible for tropical rainfall. The main output is a category for the month. Analyses of anomalies and weather spell are also included. Meteorologists may apply the procedure on a near‐real‐time basis since OLR and rainfall data are available via the Internet (ftp). When raingauge data are missing the satellite estimates of rainfall can be

ISSN:1350-4827    

DOI:10.1002/met.5060020210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY