摘要:

An ecological conceptualization of the world system of cities is proposed based both on an extension of the ecological rationale for a national system of cities and on insights from world-system theory and research. The core concepts are divided into five categories: (1) the key function, (2) hierarchy and dominance—the vertical dimension, (3) specialization—the horizontal dimension, (4) interaction, and (5) dynamics. As a test of selected ideas, the dominance of core international financial metropolises over peripheral South American cities is examined; the measure is the international bank headquarters—branch office link. The hypotheses of ecological dominance were confirmed. The core metropolises dominate the peripheral metropolises of South America, and within the core the upper level metropolises exert greater dominance than the lower level metropolises. The national metropolises of South America are the key intermediaries with international metropolises, but the former have few links among themselves. The world system of cities based on finance seems to be organized independently of national or world regional boundaries.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.3.553

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Industrial transformation of the labor force has traditionally been viewed as affected by both the level of economic development and of investment dependency. In this study, using a sample of 45 less developed countries during the years 1960, 1970, and 1980, it was found that (a) it is crucial to distinguish between various service segments within the tertiary sector in the study of industrial transformation, (b) the rise of producer oriented services is mainly influenced by level of investment dependence while the growth of personal and social (consumer oriented) services is mostly affected by level of economic development (GNP), and (c) the observed relationships hold even when manufacturing structure of the labor force is controlled. The findings suggest that the effect of dependency on growth of production services reflects vested interests of external investors, while the effect of economic development on social and personal services reflects internal processes.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.3.582

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Despite theoretical arguments relating economic and industrial structures to female labor force participation, cross-national studies have failed to empirically confirm such a relationship. This paper reconsiders the cross-national determinants of female labor force participation by examining: (1) the curvilinear and interactive effects of economic development, as properly specified from existing theories, and (2) a more complete set of explanatory variables than has been used in previous studies. Models are estimated using data for 70 nations for two time points—1965 and 1970. The results show curvilinear effects of energy use on female labor force participation: development initially forces women out of the labor force, but at advanced levels increases female participation. Other variables found to be important determinants of female labor force participation include family size, female education, the adult sex ratio, economic dependency, and labor force growth. Further, several of these variables are found to have different effects by level of development. Thus, the results affirm the curvilinear effects of economic development as a determinant of female labor force participation and suggest that they be considered with family, social, and demographic explanations of the status of women.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.3.599

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Intuition and formal theories of legitimacy suggest that endorsement of a social order should have important effects on compliance to and the stability of that order. Evidence from experimental and nonexperimental research fails to offer consistent support for that argument. This article contends that investigators have generally failed to recognize acts asobjectsof legitimation and entirely neglect variation in thesourcesof legitimacy. As a result, models of legitimation processes are not properly specified and the effects of endorsement are generally confounded with the effects of other uncontrolled sources of variation.We identify three objects of legitimation—persons, positions, and acts— and three sources of legitimacy—propriety, endorsement, andauthorization—and argue that each is important to a proper analysis of legitimation processes. The laboratory investigation which we report minimizes uncontrolled variation from those additional independent variables and we demonstrate that endorsement of an experimental task structure delays or prevents approximately 38 percent of change which occurs in task structures which are not endorsed.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.3.620

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This study examines the effects of structural characteristics of occupations on the occupational retention and recruitment rates of older male workers. Based on transition rates reflecting occupational labor force status movements, the results indicate that movement out of the labor force is lowest in occupations characterized by high growth, substantively complex work, and low physical demands; movement to a different occupation is lowest in occupations with high growth and low levels of self-employment. Entry into the labor force is highest in occupations characterized by high levels of manipulative skill, a high concentration of elderly workers, and a low gap in earnings between younger and older workers; older men leaving their current occupation for other occupations tend to enter occupations characterized by low levels of social skill, high growth, a high concentration of elderly workers, and a large gap in earnings between younger and older workers.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.3.644

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Artistic expression is shaped in specific ways when creative producers are employed by their governments. This paper examines the experiences of artists participating in the cultural components of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in the 1930s, and the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) in the 1970s–1980s. In the earlier period, the explicit censorship of products was necessitated by the relative inexperience of artists and bureaucratic organizations working with one another. Recently, however, such dramatic instances have been less frequent: explicit censorship is not often necessary when producers are effectively enmeshed within bureaucratic structures. Implicit controls can anticipate and check problems in process before they emerge into public view. These derive from the organizational characteristics of both sponsoring and allied agencies, informally conveyed notions of “what is and what is not done,” uncertainty over continued funding, and deference to professional notions of conduct. Emergency measures of control betray a position of organizational weakness, and are not generally necessary. Finally, the ways in which artists have been mobilized to extend the social control of the state—a supportive rather than oppositional stance—are also detailed.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.3.667

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young and Mature Women are used to test both static and dynamic models of the division of household task responsibility. Static results provide weak support for both the time availability and the power/earnings perspectives. Changes in wife's hours worked or earnings over a two- or three-year period lead to adjustments in task division, although the unequal “starting point” for that division leads one to question economists' view of its rationality.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.3.689

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Several researchers have investigated the direct impact of a firm's environmental linkages on power in an interorganizational network. These studies have generally investigated power/dependence relations among members of human service agency networks. This study examines the relationship among power, resource dependence, and extra-network linkages in a manufacturer—dealer network, utilizing a methodology that analyzes both direct and indirect effects. Results of the study suggest that dependence has a direct effect on power. Linkages to the task environment have an indirect effect on power through their relationship with dependence.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.3.702

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

This paper investigates the relationship between the socioeconomic status of successive husbands for two national samples of women who married two or more times. Socioeconomic homogamy, as indicated by the educational attainment and occupational status of spouses, is quite similar in first and second marriages for both cohorts. On average, the socioeconomic standing of husbands in subsequent marriages is about equal to those in previous marriages, when one adjusts for the career trajectories of the men involved. Socioeconomic variables, timing, and the presence of children all influence the chances of finding an accomplished second husband. The implications of these findings for the welfare of children of disrupted families and for future trends in the socioeconomic homogamy are discussed.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.3.714

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

Despite the promise of a general theory of the relationship between law and society, to date, empirical tests of Black's theory ofThe Behavior of Lawhave resulted in ambiguous support (cf. Gottfredson and Hindelang; Kruttschnitt,a,b; Myers). Through the development of composite measures of an actor's stratification rank, cultural status, and organizational position, the present investigation assesses the validity of Black's propositions at a more general level of analysis. The results lend little support for Black's theory and empirically document several theoretical and methodological issues raised by Myers and Greenberg. A discussion of these concerns and their implications follows.

ISSN:0037-7732    

DOI:10.1093/sf/64.3.733

出版商:The University of North Carolina Press    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP